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Crassus replies that he would rather have Antonius speak first as he himself tends to shy away from any discourse on this subject. [26], Crassus continues his speech, blaming those orators who are lazy in studying civil right. Should he say something unpleasant, this would cancel also all the pleasant he said. Then it is necessary to depart the genders and reduce them to a reduce number, and so on: division in species and definitions. This is the reason why this particular subject is such a difficult one to pursue. M. Tullius Cicero, De Oratore A. S. Wilkins, Ed. Yet, he believes that it is enough for the Roman orator to have a general knowledge of human habits and not to speak about things that clash with their traditions. If one studies other disciplines, he simply needs to be an ordinary man. M. Tullius Cicero, De Oratore A. S. Wilkins, Ed. Nonetheless, nobody would advice the young who study oratory to act like an actor. Besides much else One could call poets those who are called physikoi by the Greeks, just because the Empedocles, the physicist, wrote an excellent poem. Crassus remembers some of his exercises when he was younger, he began to read and then imitate poetry or solemn speeches. [33], Antonius offers his perspective, pointing out that he will not speak about any art of oratory, that he never learnt, but on his own practical use in the law courts and from a brief treaty that he wrote. Oratory cannot possibly fit into this category. But for an orator, there are so many requirements such as the subtility of a logician, the mind of a philosopher, the language of a poet, the memory of a lawyer, the voice of a tragic actor and the gesture of the most skilled actor. [22], Cotta replies that Crassus' speech was so raging that he could not catch his content completely. We shall incite the young to use all their efforts, but the other things that you put before, are not part of the duties and of the tasks of the orator. Had he known this was what Sulpius and Cotta wanted, he would have brought a simple Greek with him to respond—which he still can do if they want him to. The rhetors' rules are useful means for the orator. He extols the power that oratory can give to a person, including the ability to maintain personal rights, words to defend oneself, and the ability to revenge oneself on a wicked person. For example, if the subject were to decide what exactly is the art of being a general, then he would have to decide what a general does, determine who is a General and what that person does. Scaevola then encourages him to expose his notions, so fundamental for the perfect orator: on the nature of men, on their attitudes, on the methods by which one excites or calms their souls; notions of history, of antiquities, of State administration and of civil right. A. S. Wilkins. Crassus then replies to Scaevola's remark: he would not have claimed that orators should be experts in all subjects, should he himself be the person he is describing. [31], Given that—Crassus continues—there is no need to further explain how much important is for the orator to know public right, which relates to government of the state and of the empire, historical documents and glorious facts of the past. Crassus replied: "You believe that the orator, Antonius, is a simple man of the art; on the contrary, I believe that he, especially in our State, shall not be lacking of any equipment, I was imaging something greater. After having a talk with Publius Crassus, the peasant had an opinion closer to the truth than to his interests. Countless men have become eminent in philosophy, because they have studied the matter thoroughly, either by scientific investigation or using dialectic methods. Sulpicius is gleeful that, as he and Cotta had hoped, someone would mention Antonius and Crassus in their conversations so that they could get some glimmer of knowledge from these two respected individuals. Crassus says that this is quite an easy task, since he asks him to tell about his own oratory ability, and not about the art of oratory in general. Orators must have a knowledge in all important subjects and arts. . Let us take care of our health as well". on the other hand he names eloquens (eloquent) a person, who is able to speak in public, using nobler and more adorned language on whichever subject, so that he can embrace all sources of the art of eloquence with his mind and memory. Click anywhere in the Antonius continues by discussing the steps that he takes after accepting a case. In the end, orators were awarded with popularity, wealth, and reputation. Your current position in the text is marked in blue. In the same proceeding, Marcus Cato, his bitter and dogged enemy, made a hard speech against him, that after inserted in his Origines. Instead, he works on every feeling and thought, driving them so that he need not to discuss philosophers' questions. Like an improvised speech is lower than a well thought one, so this one is, compared to a well prepared and built writing. Cic.de orat.1,147-159: Vortrag des Crassus: 3.) This was a used exercise of his main adversary, Gaius Carbo. Then Sulpicius says: "That is what we want to better know! desember 43 f.Kr.) But Cicero warns that oratory fits into more arts and areas of study than people might think. As for the proper voice control, one should study good actors, not just orators. The rhetoric rules that you mentioned, even if they are not so now for us. At De oratore 2.90-92, the mutili (M) omit a passage in which the orator L. Fufius is severely criticized. Since speech is so important, why should we not use it to the benefit of oneself, other individuals, and even the entire State? Moreover, Cotta wishes to know which other talents they have still to reach, apart those natural, which they have—according to Crassus. Much of Book II is dominated by Marcus Antonius. Click on the L symbols to go to the Latin text of each section. Let him imitate Demosthenes, who compensated his handicaps by a strong passion, dedition and obstinate application to oratory. In this portion of Book II Antonius offers a detailed description of what tasks should be assigned to an orator. But I believe that you will do it tomorrow: this is enough for today and Scaevola too, who decided to go to his villa in Tusculum, will have a bit of a rest. Crassus agreed to answer the young men's questions, not to bring in some unpracticed Greek or another to respond. Vol. All arguments, either those of rhetoric and from one's nature and experience, come out by themselves. He does not want to appear the wise among the stupids: by that, he would seem unable and a Greek with a poor art; otherwise they would hate to be treated as stupid persons. He then declares memory to be important to the orator because "only those with a powerful memory know what they are going to say, how far they will pursue it, how they will say it, which points they have already answered and which still remain" (220). Crassus has been known for being a kind person, and it would be becoming for him to respect their question, to answer it, and not run away from responding. Fourth, you claim that, thanks to the civil right, honest men can be educated, because laws promise prices to virtues and punishments to crimes. For example, Asclepiades, a well-known physician, was popular not just because of his medical expertise, but because he could share it with eloquence. He told that he regretted to let him escape a little handbook on the eloquence. Roscius, a famous actor, often complained that he hadn't found a pupil who deserved his approval. Within laudatory speeches it is necessary include the presence of “descent, money, relatives, friends, power, health, beauty, strength, intelligence, and everything else that is either a matter of the body or external" (Cicero, 136). Eloquence has many devices, not only the hearing to keep the interest high and the pleasure and the appreciation.[47]. Antonius, convinced by those arguments, says he wrote a pamphlet about them. And it seemed so strange that Scaevola approved that, despite he obtained consensus by the Senate, although having spoken in a very synthetic and poor way. Enter a Perseus citation to go to another section or work. Your current position in the text is marked in blue. options are on the right side and top of the page. Some of these latest ones claim that one's soul must be kept away from passions and say it is a crime to excite them in the judges' souls. Therefore, he will expose his usual method, which he used once when he was young, not anything strange or mysterious nor difficult nor solemn. One member, Scaevola, wants to imitate Socrates as he appears in Plato's Phaedrus. [Marcus Tullius Cicero; E W Sutton; H Rackham] -- We know more of Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BCE), lawyer, orator, politician and philosopher, than of any other Roman. (1). Lycurgus, Solon were certainly more qualified about laws, war, peace, allies, taxes, civil right than Hyperides or Demosthenes, greater in the art of speaking in public. [27], Even in other disciplines, the knowledge has been systematically organised; even oratory made the division on a speech into inventio, elocutio, dispositio, memoria and actio. Ironically, since there is such a variety of lawsuits in the courts, people will listen to even the worst lawyer's speeches, something we would not put up with in the theatre. He did not intend De Oratore as merely a treatise on rhetoric, but went beyond mere technique to make several references to philosophical principles. Third, as for your love for the country, do not you realise that the ancient laws are lapsed by themselves for oldness or repealed by new ones? At that time as much as when Cicero writes the dialogue, the crisis of the state is obsessing everyone and clashes deliberately with the pleasant and quiet atmosphere of the villa in Tusculum. [28], Gaius Aculeo has a secure knowledge of civil right in such a way that only Scaevola is better than he is. He preferred not to ask mercy or to be an accused, but a teacher for his judges and even a master of them. He faults those who do not obtain enough information about their cases, thereby making themselves look foolish. Additionally, if those who perform any other type of art happen to be skilled in speaking it is because of the orator. No, it shall alway be anyway free, even if the body is captured. Anyway, this is not intended to make the young people go away from the interest in oratory. He reminds him that only nine days after the dialogue, described in this work, Crassus died suddenly. And if this man is not Crassus, then he can only be only a little bit better than Crassus. Should a court action deal with a practical case, then we would obliged to learn a discipline so difficult and complicate; likewise, we should act in the same way, should we have a skilled knowledge of laws or opinions of experts of laws, provided that we have not already studied them by young. Wir bieten Ihnen herausragende Autoren und Debatten zu aktuellen Themen. It is set in 91 BC, when Lucius Licinius Crassus dies, just before the Social War and the civil war between Marius and Sulla, during which Marcus Antonius (orator), the other great orator of this dialogue, dies. I do not question whether philosophy is better or worse than oratory; I only consider that philosophy is different by eloquence and this last one can reach the perfection by itself. It was like he entered in a rich house, full of rich carpets and treasures, but piled in disorder and not in full view or hidden. Neither nature nor any law or tradition prohibit that a man is skilled in more than one discipline. you are contradictory, because you say it is an easy discipline, while you admit it is still not this way, but it will become such one day. Sulpicius exults: "At last the day we desired so much, Cotta, has come! Indeed, both the exercises on some court topics and a deep and accurate reflexion, and your stilus (pen), that properly you defined the best teacher of eloquence, need much effort. After the judges condemned him, they asked him which punishment he would have believed suited for him and he replied to receive the highest honour and live for the rest of his life in the Pritaneus, at the state expenses.

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