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is undeniably effective at responding to the rhetorical situation at hand. Dr. In both of these writings Dr. King uses logos - logical persuasion - and pathos - emotional appeal - to change the opinions of people who were for segregation and against civil rights. If your first two elements are verbs, the third element is usually a verb, too. He ended up creating a very persuasive letter, one that effectively uses ethos in establishing his character, logos in providing reason and logic, and pathos in reaching human emotions. When teaching speeches and letters, it's helpful to refresh or introduce students to literary elements that enhance rhetorical strategies. Divided there is little we can dofor we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder." - John F. Kennedy, "1961 First Inaugural Address" Letter From Birmingham Jail and use of Parallel Structure and Anaphora Kirtan Patel Chapter 25 Chapter 24 Parallel Structure- repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance. First, King writes that the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. This antithesis makes the audience realize that the Negroes have been left behind and ignored while the rest of modern society has charged forward into prosperity and fortune. the exigence is the continued condemnation, segregation, and prejudice afflicted against African Americans since the emancipation of the slaves in 1863. Martin Luther Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail addresses his fellow clergymen and others who critiqued him for his actions during this time. An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and Abused and scorned through we may be, our destiny is tied with the destiny of America. (Page 9) The sureness King presents in this quote both instills hope in the reader and allows them to relate to Kings passion. He does an exceptional job using both these appeals throughout his speeches by backing up his emotional appeals with logical ones. Found a perfect sample but need a unique one? He writes of his own problems that may apply to the daily struggles of the abused African, Parallelism In Speech From Birmingham Jail, Throughout the speech, another scheme King uses frequently is parallelism, the strategy of repeating similar clauses, several times. What type/s of rhetorical device is used in this statement? King concludes with optimism about the future of the relationship between the currently segregated blacks and whites. 25 terms. However King also deliberately wrote his letter for a national audience. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., along with many other civil activist, began a campaign to change the laws and the social attitudes that caused such a disparity. "Letter From a Birmingham Jail," written by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1963, describes a protest against his arrest for non-violent resistance to racism. The letter from the Birmingham jail of Martin Luther King, Jr.. At the time, Birmingham was one of the harshest places to live in America for African Americans; white supremacy groups would set off bombs to instill fear in the black community and withhold racial integration, and peaceful protests and sit-ins were met with unjustifiable police violence, in addition to the suffocating social qualms surrounding the black community (Eskew). This protest, his subsequent arrest, and the clergymens public statement ostensibly make up the rhetorical exigence, but it truly stems from a much larger and dangerous situation at hand: the overwhelming state of anti-black prejudice spread socially, systematically, and legislatively in America since the countrys implementation of slavery in Jamestown, 1619. To truly understand the effectiveness of this letter, one must rhetorically analyse the contents. Find step-by-step Literature solutions and your answer to the following textbook question: Identify the parallel structures in the following sentence from Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail," and explain their effect. The letter goes on to explain his choice to act directly and nonviolently, stating, For years now I have heard the word wait. It rings in the ear of every Negro with a piercing familiarity. In sum, all rhetoric has an external situation in which it is responding to. Black Americans were forced to sit behind buses and kids were to use old books and uniforms of White Americans. They were arrested and held in . Emotional appeal uses intense words and charged language to grab listeners to get them to keep listening. In response, King emphasized that justice is never timely, and the refusal to acknowledge equal rights was inhumane and regressive. Who was he truly writing for? Specifically, King's letter addresses three important groups in the American society: the white American political community, white American religious community, and the black American society. Malcolm X, on the other hand, grew up in a rather hostile environment with barely enough schooling. In this way, King juxtaposes his perspective with that of the clergy to demonstrate the depravity of his oppressors. He uses rhetorical devices such as repetition, analogy, and rhetorical questions. This audience is rhetorical as the social and political ideologies of the American people fuel democracy and are able to change the system around them through collective effort. All Any subject. This protest, his subsequent arrest, and the clergymens public statement ostensibly make up the rhetorical exigence, but it truly stems from a much larger and dangerous situation at hand: the overwhelming state of anti-black prejudice spread socially, systematically, and legislatively in America since the countrys implementation of slavery in Jamestown, 1619. While this fight had been raging for nearly 10 years, the release in 1963 was shortly followed by the Civil Rights Act in 1964. Martin Luther King Jr. writes his letter while being held in Birmingham Jail after being arrested for participating, in a non-violent anti segregation march. In each writing, he uses the devices for many different purposes. There are three main considerations to make while analysing a rhetorical situation: the constraints, the exigence, and the audience. Both influential speeches rely heavily on rhetorical devices to convey their purpose. Take for instance when the part of the letter when Dr. King talks about different men, both biblical, Martin Luther King Jr.s goal in Letter From Birmingham Jail is to convince the people of Birmingham that they should support civil disobedience and the eventual end to the segregation laws in Birmingham. While his letter was only addressed to the clergymen, it is safe to assume that King had intent on the public eventually reading his letter, considering his position within the Civil Rights movement, use of persuasive rhetorical language, and hard-hitting debates on the justification of law. In this way, King asserts that African-Americans must act with jet-like speed to gain their independence. The letter is a plea to both white and black Americans to encourage desegregation and to encourage equality among all Americans, both black and white, along all social, political and religious ranks, clearly stating that there should be no levels of equality based upon racial differences., In Letter from Birmingham Jail, author Martin Luther King Jr. confirms the fact that human rights must take precedence over unjust laws. 1, no. and may encompass the audience, as seen while analysing Letter From Birmingham Jail. Analysing a rhetorical situation clarifies why a text was created, the purpose in which it was written, and why the author made specific choices while writing it. Example: Is not segregation an existential expression of man's tragic separation, his awful estrangement, his terrible sinfulness? Order can only be held for so long whilst injustice is around. King uses tone, literal and figurative language to establish structure and language in his letter. 262). One example of Kings use of pathos appeals to the audiences emotions by showing Kings confidence in his endeavors. While this fight had been raging for nearly 10 years, the release in 1963 was shortly followed by the Civil Rights Act in 1964. In parallel structure, a writer repeats the same pattern of words or/and pattern of grammatical structure. This use of parallel structure emphasizes how just and unjust laws can look deceptively similar. Martin Luther King Jr. was an American baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement in 1954. King gives a singular, eloquent voice to a massive, jumbled movement. Dr. King fought against segregation between Black Americans and White Americans. The concept of parallelism in letters from birmingham jail by martin luther king jr.. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/the-concept-of-parallelism-in-letters-from-birmingham-jail-by-martin-luther-king-jr-Q1aX8ugT Be sure to capitalize proper nouns (e.g. Furthermore, as King attests to the significance of the Birmingham injustices, he utilizes antithesis to foster logos: Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere; Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly (515). " Any law that uplifts human personality is just." His Letter from Birmingham Jail was the match. By stating the obvious point and implying that moderates act as though this was not true, he accuses them of both hypocrisy and injustice. In. Parallelism is useful to emphasize things and ideas to the audience, which, like all the other tropes and schemes. Furthermore, Dr. King had four steps to achieve his goals by collecting facts, negotiation, self-purification, and direct, Dr. Martin Luther King's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" is a response to Dr. King's follow clergymen criticism. Parallelism takes many forms in literature, such as anaphora, antithesis, asyndeton, epistrophe, etc. In the letter, King appeals for unity against racism in society, while he wants to fight for Human Rights, using ethos. All of this accumulates into an unwavering social constraint placed on Martin Luther Kings rhetorical text. As example, King uses I have a dream that one day and Let freedom ring.. to open his points on how Americans should change against racial indifferences. His Letter from Birmingham Jail is a work that he wrote while incarcerated in the Birmingham City Jail in response to criticism from Alabama clergymen. Letter from Birmingham Jail is addressed to clergymen who had written an open letter criticizing the actions of Martin Luther King, Jr. during several protest in, Letter from Birmingham Jail is a letter written by Martin Luther King, Jr. while he was in jail for participating in peaceful protest against segregation. Martin Luther King then goes on to make an analogy to the Bible, portraying Apostle Pauls proliferation of the gospel of Jesus Christ in parallel to his own efforts, stating, I too am compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my particular hometown (1). Furthermore, good usage of these rhetorical device . . Here, King offers disparate hypotheticals to illustrate the necessity for brevity in his acts. To minimize the possibility of being deemed invalid due to his race, he must choose what he states and how he states it very precisely which correlates to the constraints Martin Luther himself has on his rhetorical situation. The letter was addressed to clergymen who had criticized King and made many claims against him. Martin Luther leading peaceful Birmingham protest, AP News. He uses parallelism by repeating I had hoped to ironically accuse his attackers. King through this letter tries to express his, "Martin Luther King Jr.'s letter from Birmingham Jail, which was written in April 16, 1963, is a passionate letter that addresses and responds to the issue and criticism that a group of white clergymen had thrown at him and his pro- black American organization about his and his organization's non- violent demonstrative actions against racial prejudice and injustice among black Americans in Birmingham. In this example, King manufactures logos through the creation of antithetic parallelism, as the structure of his essay provides justification for his argument against the postponement of justice. However, this constraint did not ultimately halt the spread of Kings message nation-wide, as it became a persuasive landmark of the civil rights movement, likely due to both his impactful position and persuasive use of rhetoric. 1, Penn State University Press, 1968, pp. Lloyd Bitzer describes rhetorical situation as, a complex of persons, events, objects, and relations presenting an actual or potential exigence which can be completely or partially removed if discourse, introduced into the situation, can so constrain human decision or action to bring about the significant modification of the exigence (6). King does this in an effective and logical way. Dr. King wrote 2 famous works, Dream and Birmingham and each had a different audience and purpose. While pathos elicits an emotional response from the audience to make them more accepting of Kings ideas, repetition structures the speech and emphasizes key ideas for the audience to take away from listening. He uses the rhetorical appeals to ethos, pathos, and logos numerous times throughout his essay to relay his argument about the laws of segregation and the African-Americans that are being cruelly treated.. Explain why the examples fit your chosen reason. As he sits in a cell of Birmingham Jail in 1963, he responds to criticism from eight white clergymen. Amidst the intense Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested and put in solitary confinement for peacefully protesting racial discrimination and injustice in Birmingham, Alabama. Martin Luther found himself arrested on the twelfth of April 1963 after leading a peaceful protest throughout Birmingham, Alabama after he defied a state courts injunction and led a march of black protesters without a permit, urging an Easter boycott of white-owned stores (Jr., Martin Luther King). In paragraph 15 of his "Letter from Birmingham Jail", Martin Luther King uses. was initially the eight clergymen of Birmingham, all white and in positions of religious leadership. On April 12, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and nearly 50 other protestors and civil rights leaders were arrested after leading a Good Friday demonstration as part of the . The problem is that this kind of thinking can spread and infect other people to believe this is acceptable. Through powerful, emotionally-loaded diction, syntax, and figurative language, King adopts a disheartened tone later shifts into a determined tone in order to express and reflect on his disappointment with the churchs inaction and his goals for the future. This period of quiet speculation over the law illuminates the national divide in opinion over the matter, one which King helped persuade positively. To summarize, Martin Luther Kings rhetoric is effective and ultimately changed the course of the Civil Rights movement for the better.

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