usta tennis court construction specificationspacific basketball coach

We build courts according to USTA specifications, and we allow you to select the court surface type of your choice, as well as fencing and lighting. Track design services from preliminary designs to final construction drawing and specifications. Description: e.g., Modular systems (tiles) You need the following materials to build a tennis court: When you have all the materials together, youre ready to start the construction. trailer << /Size 110 /Info 92 0 R /Root 98 0 R /Prev 76053 /ID[<386ea83d0f29ccaf3e84f484a2030c31><386ea83d0f29ccaf3e84f484a2030c31>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 98 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 94 0 R /OpenAction [ 99 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseNone /PageLabels << /Nums [ -2 << /S /D /St -1 >> ] >> >> endobj 108 0 obj << /S 328 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 109 0 R >> stream You may be restricted to a specific court surface due to local laws. Players with a powerful serve also benefit from this surface. In such a case, the running cost of tennis court field lights is 35000 x 0.12/ 1000 = $4.2 per day. However, at the level of 1000-1250 Lux, you will be able to see every detail of a sports field area. xref If you play singles, it is 27 ft. 7820 Penn Western Court. If the pole is shorter, we may need to use 60 or even 90 because it is easier for the light beam to spread. Your Admin status expires in$(daysToExpire) days! S. Pickleball Posts (Douglas Premier Rd-36 #63070P)-installed in ground sleeves 2 per court. ground sleeve 2 per court. 0000227931 00000 n It is stretched across the full width of the Tennis Court. Tennis Net (Douglas TN-40 #20040)- Install to tennis net posts. Here is the complete CRI rating list for their courts. 0000005218 00000 n For courts with cracking and minor wear where a warranty on reoccurring cracks is not required. Line Design, Inc. 4431 W. Wagon Trail Drive Littleton, CO 80123 720-318-8226 Fax: 303-386-3232 Doubles alley: 39 feet x 27 feet. These are arranged in order from bottom to top: In the first step you mark the area for the tennis court and then dig the ground up to a depth of 14 inches. The size of a tennis court in a domestic setting can vary from one to another but generally it is over 500m2 which is 1/6 of anacre. Often you can still manage to get to distant balls and keep yourself in the game. All of the serves are legal in the game. Grass courts are particularly common in England and Australia. Reform Sports Systems San. A tennis court has 4 Service Boxes. ve Tic. 0000006766 00000 n It's also known as short-court tennis or mini tennis . Leslie Coatings Inc. has been involved on a national level in the development of specifications governing the construction of tennis courts in the United States. Check the court at regular intervals and water it if necessary. Size of a Tennis Court (Tournament or Stadium Courts) An additional 10 ft. on both the length and width of the overall dimensions of the court are suggested to give . There you will find countless tennis facilities that are equipped with this surface. Addition of structures over existing tennis courts and lighting. For 11 months of the year, its facilities are open to the public for indoor and outdoor tennis. The 42-acre National Tennis Center is one of the world's largest public recreational tennis facilities. 0000004702 00000 n Tennis Court Specification Kit for Architects and Specifiers. 0000216673 00000 n 0000002671 00000 n Technical - The USTA can review and provide recommendations on court issues, lighting, peer design reviews and other technical matters related to tennis design, operations and maintenance of courts. 4-8 pieces (varies according to field dimensions) Imported 400 W Metal Halide bulb projectors are installed to the projector poles, which are manufactured with ladders. 0000234880 00000 n 0000007153 00000 n It is important that you maintain this inclination for each subsequent layer. Description: Synthetic surface with the appearance of natural grass The top layer has a height of 1 inch and consists of the typical red brick dust with a grain size of 0-2 mm. 0000004516 00000 n Overall, the clay court is perfect for baseline players who can hit the ball with the necessary topspin. Please feel free to contact us for free lighting design & advice. Hard courts are made from uniformed, rigid materials and have a surface layer. One hinged door is made of pipe (60x2mm) at the desired place. Note: The descriptions are for guidance only and should not be viewed as definitive. Typically made of concrete or asphalt, a hard court can be covered with an acrylic top that smoothes out the surface and offers a bounce that is far more even than is found on clay and in particular on grass. In addition, after each match or training session, you should drag the court with the net. Another advantage of the smooth surface is that the ball has a constant bounce, which makes it easier to calculate the flight curve. In tennis, the court is rectangular and is bounded by the baselines and sidelines. As on the grass court, quick reactions during the rally are helpful. 0000005562 00000 n 0000208192 00000 n B. By far, the most common issue with an asphalt tennis court design is pavement cracking. 0000007454 00000 n In addition, there are tips on the construction and maintenance of a tennis court. For additional courts in a battery, add a minimum of 48' to the width. BU59R_K9e1eo]W?7N5s]rMz;6tmI\^~a&1Cgv@e\9k'c&5T_^G5/ CX The laid material is expected to cure for approximately 24 hours. The total area of the tennis court is approximately 595.1 square meters. Tennis is played on a rectangular, flat surface, usually grass, clay, or a hard court of concrete and/or asphalt. The easy way to describe Lux is the level of light that is needed to see something. Press the stones together with the roller to create a stable foundation for the tennis court. 0000007239 00000 n 0000198095 00000 n Hard tennis courts are made of a regulating base made of concrete or asphalt and have a finishing wearing surface made ofacrylic or polyurethane. 8884231120 sales@sportsurfaces.com. We represent 2 of the 3 Certified Tennis Court Builders in Northern California. This significantly reduces the risk of injuries. When used as a base for other surfaces (e.g., acrylic), reference will be made only to the playing surface. 0000006508 00000 n 883 0 obj<> endobj 885 0 obj<>stream As briefly mentioned above, these four types of tennis courts are the most common on tennis facilities. XT\T)^*0e~YoZR 5W'tH}.sgJ_EhS1v(0BDfaC Do colleges allow blended lines on their courts? Commercial and Residential Backyard Tennis Court Construction and Services, Build, Maintain, Resurface, Repair, & Clean. Because the amount of light thats used to cover a tennis court can be overpowering at times, direct brightness is further adjusted. With 200 Lux being used, it allows enough light that is comfortable or slightly intimate. To find an American Sports Builders Association (ASBA) Certified Tennis Court Builder in your area, click here. 0000225697 00000 n 0000227817 00000 n To ensure access to the most up-to-date information available please refer to: Some acrylic surface manufacturers have provided color samples of blended acrylic line paints to the USTA. Provide the ground with a cross slope of 0.5%, so that the rainwater is later drained off in the best possible way. 0000006852 00000 n 0000014041 00000 n 0000006207 00000 n From the playing style you can imagine the carpet court as a mixture of hard court and grass court. The larger dimensions shown for the distance to backstops and sidestops are USTA regulation court dimensions for tournament play. (Tennis Poles and other accessories). COURT CONSTRUCTION COURT CONSTRUCTION This document outlines the differences, and similarities, in the construction of each surface. Class IV: Not specified, Our address: 1535 Webster St, Oakland, CA 94612Our email: info@sportlightsupply.comOur phone: +1 906 753 7153, light level is often adjusted for HDTV cameras. If ball machine is available, book your court online. Usually this surface is used for outdoor tennis courts. This is how a glare control rating helps to mark the light thats provided from overhead. The specifications for the revised system hold that all tournaments for those ages 9-10 be played on 60-foot courts using orange low-compression tennis balls and regulation nets or, for those more experienced and more skilled players, on 78-foot courts with green lower-compression balls. 0000005046 00000 n 1- CONCRETE FLOOR(Applications: Tartan, Synthetic turf), 2- ASPHALT FLOOR(Applications: Acrylic, Synthetic turf, Tartan), 3- ASPHALT FLOOR ON CONCRETE (Applications: Acrylic, Synthetic turf, Tartan), Mounting of the equipment that is suitable for the project is done on the ground with eyebolts. The majority of the tennis courts are hard. 0000006121 00000 n In addition, your shoes and balls are subject to more wear. Ensure that the machine is available by calling the front desk at (718) 760-6200 Ext. 0000009922 00000 n However, ITF Women's $60,000, $80,000 and $100,000, as well as ATP Challengers, are not allowed to have blended lines. What makes the hard court so special? Electrical connections are made with TSE certified rubber insulated 4 4 NYY Cable. While the clay court has a rough structure, the hard court has a smooth surface. Type: Clay@ They are usually made with 2 layers of asphalt and placed on top of a 6 inch crushed limestone base. Resurfacing of existing 36, 60, and 78 tennis courts. Feel free to use and edit these tennis court specifications for your specific project. 90 0 obj <>stream 0000007856 00000 n The court is 78 feet (23.77 m) long, and its width is 27 feet (8.23 m) for singles matches and 36 ft (10.97 m) for doubles matches. 0000235202 00000 n The fourth type of tennis court is the carpet court. Primer (undercoat) is applied on the surface to increase the retention of the material to be applied. Match play is based on the NTRP rating system so you will play with and against players of a similar abilities. A. "Post-tension reinforced tennis-court slabs have been a standard for our court building since 1985," says Richard Zaino, president of Zaino Tennis Courts in Orange, CA. A pickleball court is the same size as a doubles badminton court and measures 2044 feet. NYC Parks, in coordination with USTA National Tennis Center Incorporated (USTA), is seeking a number of discretionary actions in connection with proposed improvements and an expansion to its facilities at the Billie Jean King National Tennis Center (NTC). 7 84 More precisely, in this case the ground is softer than the hard court, but harder than the grass court. 0000003249 00000 n 0000008669 00000 n 0000003054 00000 n The pro tournaments are on clay, hard, and grass. On the other hand, the hard court is very popular in North America. 0000006371 00000 n Make sure that you do not pour out all the brick dust at once, but spread it out gradually. 0000007727 00000 n For example, two courts would measure 108' x 120', three courts would be 156' x 120', etc. Because it has a soft surface and is available in many colour combinations. Then you lay out the lines and hammer them into the clay. Get a free SportMaster product data kit, complete with actual surfacing system samples, textured color chip cards, brochures, and much more product data in electronic format. Standard Acrylic Resurface. The ASBA maintains a complete set of detailed tennis court construction guidelines. Addition of structures over existing tennis courts. The basic layout of a tennis court and dimensions are illustrated below. What are professional tennis courts made of? In the middle there is a net which divides the court into two equally sized halves. The minimum suggested length of a tennis court is 120 ft. and the minimum suggested width is 60 ft., giving 7,200 sq. Whether youre just starting out and dreaming of building a state-of-the-art, multi-court tennis facility, you're interested in 36' or 60' tennis courts, or simply need to repair cracked courts at the local park down the street, youre in the right place. Four traditional and popular tennis court colors are: Green. It is parallel with the baselines, and it divides the court into two equal ends. This is because the tennis ball digs deep into the clay when it touches the ground before bouncing back up. What is the best base for a tennis court? The minimum length is 114 ft and the minimum width is 56 ft. 0000007024 00000 n On the elastic floor, the game lines are drawn using acrylic paint and the field is made ready for use. In womens tennis, tournaments ran until 2018 before the carpet court was replaced by the hard court. 0000207471 00000 n How wide should our facilities gates, doors, and paths be to accommodate wheelchair tennis players? The longer the grass is, the more the ball is slowed down by the blades of grass. A Tennis Fence can come in a variety of materials, from traditional timber to steel frames with chain link fabric. If you have a new construction project, please visit this ASBA Tennis Court Construction Guideline page where you can view the guidelines and utilize the newest practices of the sports construction industry. You have to give 7,200 square feet of space to the tennis court. 0000005777 00000 n 0000169599 00000 n Over time, it is normal for unevenness to form on the surface, especially in the baseline area. AllSport America is the leader in tennis court construction and tennis court resurfacing. If this is raised to 400-500 Lux, its similar to the lighting you experience in office buildings and work desks. Materials added on top of the paint, like resin-based sealers, make colors rich and vibrant. It consists of 0-16 mm lava stones and should have a compacted layer thickness of 2.5 inches. Posters displaying specifications for each age group 10 and Under Tennis Event kits for informal competitions (play days) request through donation request form . GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS FOR TENNIS COURT CONSTRUCTION. The specification kit also includes a data disc with guide specifications, just like the ones found below. How much money does it cost to put in a tennis court? Uniformity minimum levels are adjusted to the closest Lux rating in each square foot as a result. 0000006422 00000 n Especially in hot weather, rallies are quite demanding. Contact us if you would like assistance in editing these or need additional information. We adhere to our own rigid specifications throughout the entire project. II. The ASBA and USTA publication "Tennis Courts: A Construction . First apply a 1/2 inch high layer evenly on the pitch and compact it with the roller. For example, the fabric velour is very popular for indoor floors. Furthermore, the drainage system requires a drainage which is still installed in the ground. 0000008616 00000 n . By and large, matches on the grass court are extremely fast. 0000017989 00000 n 0000006723 00000 n Tennis Court Surfacing Materials shall be: 1. 0000006895 00000 n 0000015943 00000 n Children play across the width of a normal tennis court, with a portable net or tape dividing the court in half. The lower the number used for GR ratings represent a higher grade level, so GRs of 90 is number one. 0000005734 00000 n 0000004831 00000 n If the surface layer is too dry, it can happen that the brick dust will be blown away in the next strong gust of wind. Tennis court surface systems usually start with a coat called a Acrylic Re surfacer. 0000228000 00000 n Sometimes you may even have to hit the ball almost at head height to get it into the court. Welcome to Edmond Center Court. Class IV: Recreational- 30-50 foot candles. 0000006680 00000 n 0000004419 00000 n For serve and volley players this surface is rather unsuitable. In a nutshell, a tennis court can fill dark spots that lighting is not rated so well for by adjusting lens focus. The net height is 36 inches at the sidelines and 34 inches in the middle. Privacy Policy, Membership Management Software Powered by, Tennis Courts: A Construction and Maintenance Manual, Pickleball Courts: A Construction and Maintenance Manual, QuickStart Format Specs for Building and Lining 36' and 60' courts, Tennis Court & Courts and Recreation Construction Guidelines. Construction Services. 0000005347 00000 n 0000007957 00000 n 0000208729 00000 n To view a complete array of technical specifications for 36, 60, and 78 courts, striping plans and more, please visit our Resources and Tools page. Be familiar with USTA recommendations and USTC & TBA guide specifications. However, the hard court also has the downside that its top layer is impermeable to water. A 120 x 60 space that isnt going to make a mess of your lawn is what you need. The cost of a tennis court on asphalt is between $60,000 and $75,000. 0000007497 00000 n The soft ground acts as a kind of cushion which absorbs shocks optimally . 0000238102 00000 n In tennis, the court is rectangular and is bounded by the baselines and sidelines. Class IV: Horizontal- 200-300 Lux N/A. %%EOF As a rule, a light blue is chosen as the colour, as the contrast to the yellow ball is highest. It might sound more technical than it really is, but this accuracy is more important at professional and semi-pro levels. Courts with permanent blended lines may be used as practice courts only at these events. Conveniently located off 15th and Kelly, Center Court has 24 outdoor courts including two stadium courts with seating, 6 indoor courts, as well as a state of the art 31,000 square foot clubhouse. 0 with the time and day of your requested reservation. Tennis court construction is a highly specialized field, so it's important to find a contractor with extensive experience. Surface Code: B 0000012414 00000 n Tennis Court Technical Specification. 0000005992 00000 n 2023 Nova Sports U.S.A. All Rights Reserved. Currently, AllSport America serves families and large facilities, building and installing tennis courts and multi-sport game courts throughout Northern California, in the San . 0000053334 00000 n It is easy to build a Har-Tru court. The width of the tennis court varies depending on the game variant. ASBA's diagrams and guidelines are for reference purposes. For example, your joints are exposed to a lot of stress when jumping because the ground is relatively hard. 0000005820 00000 n 0000003890 00000 n 0000016082 00000 n Tennis courts are nowadays spread all over the world. To get your free specification kit, send us an email with your contact information and physical address for delivery. 0000001113 00000 n Jul 2014 - Jun 20151 year. It shows the player the middle of the baseline. Shipped Publications Postage & Handling - Covers order processing, packaging & regular ground service delivery costs to continental U.S.; for overnight . 0000005691 00000 n After the application work is done in the area where the tennis court will be built, the ground is levelled to zero code. Class III: High school/Private clubs- 50-75 foot candles These are applied to professional, semi-pro levels, and high school level tennis events. Class II: 0.7 (ITF), 1.5 (USTA) rated at 700.1000 Lux. 0000009783 00000 n In spite of this, it continues to be frequently used on many tennis court surfaces due to the attractive price tag. The specifications for the revised system hold that all tournaments for those ages 9-10 be played on 60-foot courts using orange low-compression tennis balls and regulation nets or, for those more experienced and more skilled players, on 78-foot courts with green lower-compression balls. Here are the light uniformity levels that are needed: Class I: 0.7 (ITF), 1.5 (USTA) rated at 700-1000 Lux. Class I: 50 (Using 4000K outdoors) This is also rated for tennis courts for professional levels as GR 50 and GR 55 for semi-professional tennis. Baltimore. ASBA's diagrams and guidelines are for reference purposes. The ASBA also may be reached electronically via its website: www.sportsbuilders.org, or by e-mail at info@sportsbuilders.org. T. Pickleball net (Douglas Pickleball net #20105P)- Installed to pickleball posts. Finally, you push the net posts into the ground sockets and hang up the tennis net. 3. Fast-Dry Courts, Inc. provides its customers with a complete set of tennis court construction services, everything from initial design and consultation to new construction to resurfacing, repairs, lighting, and fencing. However, compared to the clay court, the ball always bounces flatter on the hard court. Especially dryness and heat is a big problem for a clay court. The majority of tennis courts . 0000002826 00000 n lV.~ 0000007838 00000 n endstream endobj 4 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 93 0 R /Resources 5 0 R /Contents 6 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 595 842 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 5 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT2 101 0 R /TT6 88 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 107 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 102 0 R >> >> endobj 6 0 obj << /Length 981 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream We can also incorporate a basketball backboard system onto your tennis court . The best rating is middle of the road marking GR 50. Armed with this knowledge, Clay Schneckloth, Landscape Architect with Snyder & Associates, shares . Read the full guide to installing a tennis count fence here. White lines and courts are painted with substances. Professional tennis is based on exact lighting on the court so that players can track a fast-moving ball easier. Over the entire court surface, the average in square footage will fluctuate in foot-candle intensity. A tennis court needs at least 36.58m (120ft) by 18.29m (60ft) and 668.9m2 (7,200ft2). Now the new tennis court is finished and ready to be played on for the first time. 0000006336 00000 n The dimensions used to generate the diagram below are based on the International Tennis Federation's recommended measurements for a recreational tennis facility. The number of light poles will increase for larger stadiums and decrease for smaller venues. In the construction of a tennis court, there are many instances where problems relating to slope, layout, orientation, and the like are such that to proceed without the advice and . Description: Synthetic surface with the appearance of clay Because of their formation, the service line and the centre service line are together also called the T. 0000001443 00000 n 0000011371 00000 n 0000006981 00000 n Additional information is available from the Association at 2331 Rock Spring Road, Forest Hill, MD 21050. The net should be 3' (36") at the center strap, and 3'6" (42") at the posts. Synthetic Tennis Court. There are essentially two types of grass courts, one is a natural grass court and the other is an artificial grass court. Here are some of the reasons for selecting SportMaster Sport Surfaces: There are currently 80+ locations in the United States with more abroadand growing. Appropriate gates and doorways should be 4 wide. The dimension between posts is thirty-three feet (33) on single courts and forty-two feet (42 . Tennis Court Technical Specification. 0000006078 00000 n Statistically speaking, rallies hardly last longer than 10 shots. In addition, you should know that the surface of the carpet is extremely grippy. If you compare all surfaces, the game is by far the fastest on a grass court. This light level is often adjusted for HDTV cameras so that professional slow-motion cameras can analyze training data later. xref Based on contributions from experienced certified tennis court and track builders, material suppliers and design professionals, this manual examines each of the critical areas of court and field design and construction issues to . You can check the rules of the community. 0000006164 00000 n REFERENCE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR WINDSCREEN TYPE AND MFGR. 0000002381 00000 n With large puddles the game is of course not possible. If you think your garden is about the size of two tennis courts, then you have about a quarter of an acre. Make sure that you plan a sufficiently large area. xb```b`g`g`` ac@ >;J. The primary role of a Tennis Fence is to keep Tennis Balls contained within the playing court area. Reconstruction of existing 36, 60, and 78 tennis courts. Type: Artificial Clay^ 0000007411 00000 n The ASBA and the USTA are committed to providing information to assist facility owners and managers in making informed choices in order to promote the construction of quality tennis facilities. Toll Free: (800) 365-4496. www.sealmasterbaltimore.com. LOUDOUN COUNTY, Va., March 10, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- The United States Tennis Association Mid-Atlantic Section (USTA MAS) announced today plans to build a state-of-the-art 36-court tennis campus in . 0000007110 00000 n 0000005863 00000 n This means that the ball hardly loses any speed through friction when it touches the ground. The graded area for the court should . In pickleball, the same court is used for both singles and doubles play. Spec. Kolkmann recommends using someone who is an active member of ASBA, with at least 15% to 20% of annual business devoted to designing and constructing sport surfaces. Please try logging back in or call customer support at 1-800-990-8782 for assistance. How much land do you need to build a tennis court? 0000004576 00000 n 0000216449 00000 n According to the International Tennis Federation Rules of Tennis 2009, a doubles tennis court should have a total area of over 300 million square feet. 0000004788 00000 n 0000004492 00000 n Surface Code: G Tennis can be played on a variety of surface materials, including clay, grass, synthetic hard courts, and carpet. Surface Code: C 0000011174 00000 n The following steps will show you how to build a clay court. The U.S. Tennis Court & Track Builders Association (USTC&TBA) has played an important role in setting standards for construction since 1964. Surface Code: H Class II: 0.7 (ITF), 1.5 (USTA) rated at 700.1000 Lux Basic Facility improvements, including fixed tennis court amenities (i.e. . My role is to manage court surface requirements and promotions at major international tennis tournaments such as the Australian Open. 0000004226 00000 n Currently, courts with permanent blended lines and standard line markings are authorized for professional play by the ITF for both Men's and Women's $15,000 and $25,000 events. On the subsoil you now pour a filter layer of lava stones with a grain size of 0-48 mm. All types of tennis players can use the hard court. Assessment of existing facility to address any problems with tennis courts, lights, etc. 0000006882 00000 n Service Box. What is the rule about 36- and 60-foot courts? Artificial Grass Producer and Sports Fields Construction, Mahmutbey Mahallesi 2475 Sokak No:4, 34217 Baclar Istanbul Turkey, Open Synthetic Turf Technical Specification and Construction Steps, Indoor Football Pitch Technical Specifications and Construction Steps, Multi-Purpose Field Technical Specifications and Construction Steps, Tennis Court Technical Specifications and Construction Steps, Basketball Court Technical Specifications, Volleyball Court Technical Specifications, Acrylic Floor Technical Specifications and Construction Steps, Artificial Turf And Synthetic Grass Use Maintenance Manual. 0000165418 00000 n Since the grass is a bit slippery even without water, the risk of injury in the rain would be even higher. Prepare quality specifications to receive comparable bids. Here you can find out, among other things, what the dimensions of a tennis court are and how the surface affects the game. Apply line markings primer, after masking tape has been laid, to seal voids between masking tape and tennis court surface to prevent bleed-under when line paint is applied. 0000009886 00000 n The concrete is surrounded by a (10-15) cm stabilized material or plentmix filling and compacted with a vibratory roller. Is short tennis the same as Mini tennis? This is considered light thats unbearable whereas number 9 isnt noticed at all. PART 2 - PRODUCTS 2.1 TENNIS COURT SURFACE MATERIAL A. The surface is very popular in the world as it gives a good even playing experience and is more consistent than other outdoor surfaces. 0000002335 00000 n Type: Asphalt# A clear section of land for a tennis court needs to measure at minimum 60' wide by 120' long. Type: Other Type: Concrete# Furthermore, you need a good ability to react to the fast balls. This can be applied indoors or outdoors and will often be higher in foot-candle value for large viewing audiences. In addition, you should consider your paths to the courts. 0000187794 00000 n At the moment, most tennis courts still have natural grass, although this is increasingly being replaced by synthetic grass. Backyard Tennis Court Construction and Services. Court lines are accurate and clearly marked. In light rain there are no restrictions because the water simply seeps into the sand.

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