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subject matter. The filmmaker whose subjects were financially strapped did not talk about money in initial conversations, but a year later, when he was still filming, he offered his subjects a $5,000 honorarium. an hourly worker whose wage is 15 per hour will be paid how much for an 8 hour shift, which of the following is the. It summarizes the results of 45 long-form interviews in which filmmakers were asked simply to describe recent ethical challenges that surfaced in their work. Following were situations that called forth filmmaker concern about ethical relationships with the audience. It has no ethics. Similarly, both Oppenheimer's films make use of re-enactments of events in question, which some documentary purists consider questionable because they're easily changed or fabricated. if the total sales of the beverages for that morning was $700, how many $3 beverages were sold, a school year begins with 24 students trying out for the basketball team 20 students trying out for the debate team. I sacrificed a little bit of accuracy. They believe that their viewers are dependent on their ethical choices. Documentary filmmakers typically are small business owners, selling their work to a range of distributors, mostly in television. Wanda Bershen is a consultant on fundraising, festivals and distribution. . Making a Murderer is exploitation entertainment, Dixon said. We consulted with [an] immigration attorney . Their comments can be grouped into three conflicting sets of responsibilities: to their subjects, their viewers, and their own artistic vision and production exigencies. The whale is the subject of the 2013 documentary Blackfish., Director Gabriele Cowperthwaite, right, watches as footage is filmed for her 2013 documentary Blackfish.. "Primary" was one of the first documentaries to espouse cinema verite documentary style, which allows filmmakers creative flexibility in telling a story, such as the use of voiceover, perhaps telling a story out of chronological order or allowing the filmmaker to become a part of the movie by telling the story through their eyes. Filmmakers were acutely aware of the implications of telling a story one way rather than another. The standards and practices share some common themes, as analyzed by project advisor Jon Else. But this is an excuse to keep the budget down., At the same time, filmmakers sought to assess situations informally on a case-by-case basis. He most often refers to his work as art rather than journalism. What is the difference? A cable TV producer argued that the ethical thing to do would be to pay subjects. the documentary became popular due to its subject matter, it dealt with sensitive topic but _____ the information in a palatable way surmised a bookstore has a sale where all hardcore books are sold at a discount of 40%. The decision to share material in advance with subjects was, typically, an informal decision. . My test for these things is, Does the audience know what its getting? . But did I? . Steven Ascher said: You could argue that cutaways in a scene filmed with one camera are a distortionyou cut from a person talking to a reaction shot, condensing or reshuffling dialogue before you cut back to the person. Here are the best documentary films of all time. I always decide not to use that moment, said another. In one case, a subject who had signed a release asked Stanley Nelson not to use an interview. In both situations, they used deception to keep someone with the power to stop the project from doing so, and they regarded it as entirely ethical because of an ends-justifies-the-means argument. Those are pretty boring, Woelfel said. . First and foremost the kids education is at stake. Its a moral decision not to enter their lives to only show how poor they are, said one. In the case of viewers, they believed that they were obligated to provide a generally truthful narrative or story, even if some of the means of doing that involved misrepresentation, manipulation, or elision. To look at a homicide that happened seven years ago, and look at who did itits good entertainment. Dialogue editing and reaction shots are necessary tools of documentary, and while sometimes manipulative, often fall under Picassos idea of art as the lie that makes us realize the truth. Its a powerful story, and its important plot-wise. Shes a real person and you cant imply something about her that never happened. , However, filmmakers balanced this concern with the need to resell their footage to make a living and considered appropriate decision making part of maintaining their professional reputations. While Silence and its companion film, The Act of Killing, are both generally categorized as documentary films (Silence was nominated for an Academy Award in that category earlier this year), Oppenheimer dismisses that label, preferring the term nonfiction film" because he recognizes the cinematic elements of his films that have helped popularize the genre like re-enactments. In a world where people deny the Holocaust, you dont want to give wind to that fire. It was awkward for them but I did not want to set a precedent.. Many even see themselves as executors of a higher truth, framed within a narrative. what is the price of the stock after two years, a coffee shop sold 300 beverages during one morning shift. But the emotion-first approach can be problematic, Dixon said, when the line between documentary film and what he calls advocacy films is blurred based on what a filmmaker chooses to include or emphasize. . In thinking about their subjects, filmmakers typically described a relationship in which the filmmaker had more social and sometimes economic power than the subject. A great documentary doesnt give you an answer, Breyer said. On the next take, they then asked, Should we break its leg again? . One struggles enough in making a good film. Any documentary code of ethics that has credibility for a field with a wide range of practices must develop from a shared understanding of values, standards, and practices. . In one case, for instance, a filmmaker was on location shooting a wildlife film, trying to capture one animal hunting another: We tried to shoot a few, and missed both of them. Data were reviewed by an advisory board composed of two industry veteransfilmmaker and author Sheila Curran Bernard and filmmaker and professor Jon Elseand documentary film scholar Bill Nichols. Interrogating what it means to become a "subject" in a documentary film that ultimately takes on a life and a folklore of its own, Jennifer Tiexiera and Camilla The growth of commercial opportunities and the prominence of politics as a documentary subject also produced tensions. . On June 30, Netflix debuted its latest big-ticket true-crime documentary, Sophie: A Murder in West Cork, a three-part deep dive into . Filmmakers who thought of themselves as journalists resisted even the idea of payment. However, what I will call the content of a film often contains something further. not looking at archival footage as a document of a particular time and place, becomes problematic. Peter Miller noted that. Are they works of art? . office printer uses an average of 33.5 pages every hour if the printer is only used while the office is open, and the office is open for 50 hours each week, how many pages will the printer need over the course of 8 weeks. They sometimes deal with hostile gatekeepers or powerful celebrity subjects. Advertisement. Filmmakers felt frustrated that stations did not always honor the agreements they had made with their subjects. Finally, some filmmakers believed that deceit was appropriate in the service of their work with vulnerable subjects and their stories and with powerful subjects who might put up obstacles. The interview was important for the film, Nelson said, and he believed the request was motivated by desire to control the film. The Economist reports that documentaries now make up 16 percent of the Cannes Film Festival slate, compared to about 8 percent in 2008. Is the filmmaker the center of this film? This study provides a map of perceived ethical challenges that documentary filmmakersdirectors and producer-directorsin the United States identify in the practice of their craft. They argued that the responsibility to control the films point of view lay squarely with the filmmaker. When the filmmaker showed a scene of a handcuffed minor in juvenile halla crucial and pivotal sceneto the family, in spite of having releases, the mother objected. . a dentist can complete a tooth canal in 1.4 hours. This baseline research is necessary to begin any inquiry into ethical standards because the field has not yet articulated ethical standards specific to documentary. . Our code of ethics is very different. Treatment of archival materials (especially still and motion photographic materials) was widely recognized as a site of ethical challenges, but there was a wide range of responses. They believe that they come into a situation where their subjects, whether people or animals, are relatively powerless and theyas media makershold some power. Many filmmakers noted that restaging routine or trivial events such as walking through a door was part and parcel of the filmmaking process and was not what makes the story honest. But many filmmakers went much further, without discomfort. This study demonstrates the need to have a more public and ongoing conversation about ethical problems in documentary filmmaking. Maybe you cant. One said that as long as the activities they do are those they would normally be doing, if your filming doesnt distort their life there is still a reality that is represented. Another recalled asking her subjects to stage an annual event earlier in the year than it would happen in real life: I would not want to put words in peoples mouth, or edit them in a way thats not leading to the larger truth. what is the value of the cryptocurrency after 2 years, a restaurant buys 1500 eggs per week, at $1.50 per dozen. The opening . . [Our broadcaster] asked if it was real. . Filmmakers grounded this permission in two arguments: they wanted to demonstrate a trust relationship with the subject, and they wanted to make a film that was responsible to the subjects perspectives. This is an area that we havent really worked out, where a big conversation needs to happen. We showed her the piece first. In one of the most intense moments of director Joshua Oppenheimers acclaimed film, The Look of Silence, viewers are treated to an unflinching, discomfiting shot that gives the film its title: A former militiaman and mass murderer, now elderly, stares into the camera, his eyes eerily magnified by optometrists testing lenses as he searches, with the audience, for an answer to his horrendous crimes, the silence as penetrating as his gaze. We are spending $500 on a dinner for 5 people. One filmmaker said I might hire a scholar for a day to consult with me on a script, so why cant I pay a musician whos made little money and felt exploited by white people their whole life? It summarizes the results of 45 long-form interviews in which filmmakers were asked simply to describe recent ethical challenges that surfaced in their work. Its important to us that people agree with the film., In some cases filmmakers wanted to share the responsibility and often showed a concern to maintain good relationships. A.253m2B.25m2C.103m2D.53m2\begin{array} { l } {A. . I am keenly aware of the hypocrisy of asking someone for access that I myself would probably not grant. They let you be there as their life unfolds, said Steven Ascher, and that carries with it a responsibility to try to anticipate how the audience will see them, and at times to protect them when necessary., I often think, Let me be this person watching the film. Would they hate me? Their goal was to tell the story honestly, to try to keep as emotionally truthful as possible. They strove to represent the truth of who [the subjects] are or of what the story is. It is a powerful moment in the film but I felt bad to push him to that point when he broke down., This perception of the nature of the relationshipa sympathetic one in which a joint responsibility to tell the subjects story is undertaken, with the filmmaker in chargedemonstrates a major difference between the work of documentary filmmakers and news reporters. One filmmaker, for instance, created archival material to use in her documentary and was asked to take it out by thebroadcaster when they found out it wasnt real. The larger truth is that this conversation is going to happen in this city, at some point, and so it doesnt matter that it doesnt happen at this moment. At our school, we define it as the luxury of time to research and present subject matter in an in-depth fashion with the rigors of journalism involved, Woelfel said. News, and Im talking about TV news mostly, doesnt attempt to give people context anymore. Watch documentaries that dont align with your opinion, Breyer said. We discussed it with her, and then she felt comfortable. Its an accepted norm to pay fees. In a certain sense there is something deceptive about that. . Should films such asGhosts of Abu GhraibandStandard Operating Procedurefeature images that further embarrass and humiliate their subjects? Their common reasoning was that doing so in any one case would set a precedent, delegitimize the film, and jeopardize the independent vision of the film. Everyone raised their hands. within last week 6 students have dropped out of the basketball team and 2 students have dropped out of the debate tryouts. That makes me uncomfortable; it puts them at risk.. The subjective line between fact-finding and cinema is a conundrum critics recognize about Oppenheimers work even as they praise it. They take you to places that you will never see in the so-called mainstream media. But they can also be manipulated.. Filmmakers need to develop a more broadly shared understanding of the nature of their problems and to evolve a common understanding of fair ways to balance their various obligations. Filmmakers identified challenges in two kinds of relationships that raised ethical questions: with subjects and with viewers. Unlike journalism, documentary filmmaking has largely been an individual, freelance effort. They nonetheless subscribed to shared, but unarticulated, general principles. Adi Rukun, left, questions Commander Amir Siahaan, one of the death squad leaders responsible for his brothers death during the Indonesian genocide, in Joshua Oppenheimers documentary The Look of Silence. Courtesy of Drafthouse Films and Participant Media. So many people only pay attention to material they agree with.. Furthermore, noncommercial public TV news programs explicitly placed journalistic standards above commercial mandates. Filmmakers also face pressure to inflate drama or character conflict and to create drama where no natural drama exists. The producer who lines up subjects or oversees production is often separated from editing and postproduction. . With profound sadness, Adi Rukun watches footage of interviews conducted by Joshua Oppenheimer with perpetrators of the 1965-66 Indonesian genocide in Drafthouse Films and Participant Medias The Look of Silence. Courtesy of Drafthouse Films and Participant Media. By Justin Sayles Jul 9, 2021, 6:30am EDT. . That could be good or bad, depending on the story being told, Cross said. . If you're in tech, you might have subject matter experts for web-hosting, agile methodology, and more. Twenty years later some people making a film about abortion wanted to use some of our footage to set the historical context of the times. But those kinds of distortions are often necessary to tell the story or to compress ideas that would otherwise take too long. Rather the opposite, in fact: faced with evidence of or a decision for inaccuracy or manipulation, they often moved the truth to a higher conceptual level, that of higher truth.. This study provides a map of perceived ethical challenges that documentary filmmakersdirectors and producer-directorsin the United States identify in the practice of their craft. Breyer urges people to inject diversity into what they watch and read. we operate under a do-no-harm policy.. Its not meant to be consumed the day its produced.. It depends on the project.. Who is correct? This protective attitude was dropped when filmmakers found an act ethically repugnant, often seeing their job as exposing malfeasance. . I may get in by a sneaky way but hold up standards in the final product. Another gained access to someone in prison by writing on BBC letterhead stationery, although he was not working for the BBC. In journalistic practice, payment is usually forbidden for fear of tainting the information garnered. Not everyone who paid did so in recognition of social inequality. . This distinction accords with filmmakers sensitivity to the power differential in the relationship. 5 7 11 17. 25. an automobile factory produces 75 cars in an hour. I regret it. Although the result was unintentional, he also felt no remorse. The terms of these releases are usually dictated by insurers, whose insurance is required for most television airing and theatrical distribution. One said, If you add birds chirping to facilitate the story, the birds are inconsequential to the audience misunderstanding the scene, it helps them enter the moment. However, a few noted that audio that changed the meaningfor instance, adding the sound of gunshots to a scenewas regarded as inappropriate. In general, documentary filmmakers tended to volunteer few comments about audio elements. We want to build him up as a hero and show the fall.. Because investigative journalism has been cut in American media, nonfiction filmmakers easily take on the duty of going out and pursuing deep investigations, Oppenheimer said. I insisted that they show me the cut and when I saw that they were implying that the girl had had an abortion, I said, You have to change that. . Observational Documentaries Observational documentaries aim to observe the world around them. We said, We cant let this happen. We stopped filming and stopped this from happening. One filmmaker who made a documentary about a company that employed illegal immigrants simply left that fact out of the film and did not report it, either: We didnt call the policewe felt like that would be a breach of trust. Another filmmakers subject told a story about trying to bring her son across the border illegally. " Free Chol Soo Lee " charts the . In the case of subjects who they believed were less powerful in the relationship than themselves, they believed that their work should not harm the subjects or leave them worse off than before. As one said, I dont want to make films where people feel like they are being trashed . The felt power differential also led them to protect their subjects when they believed they were vulnerablenot, however, at the expense of preserving their own artistic options. As documentary production becomes more generalized, and as public affairs become ever more participatory, the question of what ethical norms exist and can be shared is increasingly important. At the same time, some people encouraged us to make their stories public and volunteered use of their names. This study explores those questions. At the same time, they shared unarticulated general principles and limitations. . In most cases, documentarians believed strongly in making informal commitments and employing situational ethics determined on a case-by-case basis.

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