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. . In The Webster-Hayne Debate, Christopher Childers examines the context of the debate between Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and his Senate colleague Robert S. Hayne of South Carolina in January 1830.Readers will finish the book with a clear idea of the reason Webster's "Reply" became so influential in its own day. . Daniel Webster argued against nullification (the idea that states could disobey federal laws) arguing in favor of a strong federal government which would bind the states together under the Constitution. Webster pursued his objective through a rhetorical strategy that ignored Benton, the principal opponent of New England sectionalism, and that provoked Hayne into an exposition and defense of what became the South Carolina doctrine of nullification. One of those was the Webster-Hayne debate, a series of unplanned speeches presented before the Senate between January 19th and 27th of 1830. South Carolina nullification was now coming in sight, and a celebrated debate that belongs to the first session exposed its claims and its fallacies to the country. Having thus distinctly stated the points in dispute between the gentleman and myself, I proceed to examine them. I love a good debate. The gentleman, therefore, only follows out his own principles; he does no more than arrive at the natural conclusions of his own doctrines; he only announces the true results of that creed, which he has adopted himself, and would persuade others to adopt, when he thus declares that South Carolina has no interest in a public work in Ohio. The Significance of the Frontier in American Histo South Carolinas Ordinance of Nullification. Excerpts from Ratification Documents of Virginia a Ratifying Conventions>New York Ratifying Convention. I understand him to maintain an authority, on the part of the states, thus to interfere, for the purpose of correcting the exercise of power by the general government, of checking it, and of compelling it to conform to their opinion of the extent of its powers. Daniel webster (ma) and sen. Hayne of . we find the most opposite and irreconcilable opinions between the two parties which I have before described. I propose to consider it, and to compare it with the Constitution. The Constitutional Convention: The Great Compromise, The Webster-Hayne Debate of 1830: Summary & Issues, The History of American Presidential Debates, Jonathan Edwards and the Great Awakening: Sermons & Biography, Who Was Susan B. Anthony? . It was about protectionist tariffs.The speeches between Webster and Hayne themselves were not planned. Web hardcover $30.00 paperback $17.00 kindle nook book ibook. . The significance of Daniel Webster's argument went far beyond the immediate proposal at hand. . . Sir, the opinion which the honorable gentleman maintains, is a notion, founded in a total misapprehension, in my judgment, of the origin of this government, and of the foundation on which it stands. . Edited and introduced by Jason W. Stevens. The real significance of this debate was in each man's interpretation of the United States Constitution. Hayne launched his confident javelin at the New England States. Sir, I should fear the rebuke of no intelligent gentleman of Kentucky, were I to ask whether, if such an ordinance could have been applied to his own state, while it yet was a wilderness, and before Boone had passed the gap of the Alleghany, he does not suppose it would have contributed to the ultimate greatness of that commonwealth? It develops the gentlemans whole political system; and its answer expounds mine. Such interference has never been supposed to be within the power of government; nor has it been, in any way, attempted. . . In the course of my former remarks, I took occasion to deprecate, as one of the greatest of evils, the consolidation of this government. . . Union, of itself, is considered by the disciples of this school as hardly a good. . He must cut it with his sword. Webster realized that if the social, political, and economic elite of Massachusetts and the Northeast were to once again lay claim to national leadership, he had to justify New England's previous history of sectionalism within a framework of nationalistic progression. But, according to the gentlemans reading, the object of the Constitution was to consolidate the government, and the means would seem to be, the promotion of injustice, causing domestic discord, and depriving the states and the people of the blessings of liberty forever. The main issue of the Webster-Hayne Debate was the nature of the country that had been created by the Constitution. During his first years in Congress, Webster railed against President James Madison 's war policies, invoking a states' rights argument to oppose a conscription bill that went down to defeat.. They will not destroy it, they will not impair itthey will only save, they will only preserve, they will only strengthen it! . It moves vast bodies, and gives to them one and the same direction. An equally. The Confederation was, in strictness, a compact; the states, as states, were parties to it. The militia of the state will be called out to sustain the nullifying act. . Foot calling for the temporary suspension of further land surveying until land already on the market was sold (to effectively stop the introduction of new lands onto the market). Debate on the Constitutionality of the Mexican War, Letters and Journals from the Oregon Trail. Benton was rising in renown as the advocate not only of Western settlers but of a new theory that the public lands should be given away instead of sold to them. I know that there are some persons in the part of the country from which the honorable member comes, who habitually speak of the Union in terms of indifference, or even of disparagement. The 1830 Webster-Hayne debate centered around the South Carolina nullification crisis of the late 1820s, but historians have largely ignored the sectional interests underpinning Webster's argument on behalf of Unionism and a transcendent nationalism. . Pet Banks History & Effects | What are Pet Banks? The War With Mexico: Speech in the United States H What Are the Colored People Doing for Themselves? The debate itself, a nine-day long unplanned exchange between Senators Robert Y. Hayne and Daniel Webster, directly addressed the methods by which the federal government was generating revenue, namely through protective tariffs and the selling of federal lands in the newly acquired western territories. . Differences between Northern and Southern ideas of good governance, which eventually led to the American Civil War, were beginning to emerge. The people were not satisfied with it, and undertook to establish a better. All of these ideas, however, are only parts of the main point. Far, indeed, in my wishes, very far distant be the day, when our associated and fraternal stripes shall be severed asunder, and when that happy constellation under which we have risen to so much renown, shall be broken up, and be seen sinking, star after star, into obscurity and night! . Well, let's look at the various parts. Though the debate began as a standard policy debate, the significance of Daniel Webster's argument reached far beyond a single policy proposal. . Would it be safe to confide such a treasure to the keeping of our national rulers? Whose agent is it? So soon as the cessions were obtained, it became necessary to make provision for the government and disposition of the territory . . By establishing justice, promoting domestic tranquility, and securing the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity. This is the true reading of the Constitution. I understand him to maintain this right, as a right existing under the Constitution; not as a right to overthrow it, on the ground of extreme necessity, such as would justify violent revolution. If I could, by a mere act of my will, put at the disposal of the federal government any amount of treasure which I might think proper to name, I should limit the amount to the means necessary for the legitimate purposes of the government. . Webster's speech aroused the latent spirit of patriotism. Webster scoffed at the idea of consolidation, labeling it "that perpetual cry, both of terror and delusion." What Hayne and his supporters actually meant to do, Webster claimed, was to resist those means that might strengthen the bonds of common interest. Finding our lot cast among a people, whom God had manifestly committed to our care, we did not sit down to speculate on abstract questions of theoretical liberty. A four-speech debate between Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Robert Hayne of South Carolina, in January 1830. Every scheme or contrivance by which rulers are able to procure the command of money by means unknown to, unseen or unfelt by, the people, destroys this security. Sir, I cordially respond to that appeal. . There was an end to all apprehension. [was] fixed, forever, the character of the population in the vast regions Northwest of the Ohio, by excluding from them involuntary servitude. Let us look at his probablemodus operandi. Even Benton, whose connection with the debate made him at first belittle these grand utterances, soon felt the danger and repudiated the company of the nullifiers. He entered the Senate on that memorable day with a slow and stately step and took his seat as though unconscious of the loud buzz of expectant interest with which the crowded auditory greeted his appearance. MTEL Speech: Notable Debates & Speeches in U.S. History, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858: Summary & Significance, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, The Significance of Daniel Webster's Argument, MTEL Speech: Principles of Argument & Debate, MTEL Speech: Understanding Persuasive Communication, MTEL Speech: Public Argument in Democratic Societies. - Definition and Uses, Public Speaking: Assignment 1 - Informative Speech, Public Speaking: Assignment 3 - Special Occasion Speech, The Role of Probability Distributions, Random Numbers & the Computer in Simulations, The Monte Carlo Simulation: Scope & Common Applications, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, The methods by which the federal government earned its revenue, The federal government's surveying and selling of land west of the Mississippi River, The issue of slavery, which was beginning to divide the Northern and Southern states, The balance of power between federal and state governments. foote wanted to stop surveying lands until they could sell the ones already looked at T he Zionist-evangelical back story goes back several decades, with 90-year-old televangelist Pat Robertson being a prime case study.. One of the more notable "coincidences" or anomalies Winter Watch brings to your attention is the image of Robertson on the cover of Time magazine in 1986 back before the public was red pilled by the Internet -as the pastor posed with a gesture called . We look upon the states, not as separated, but as united. Conversation-based seminars for collegial PD, one-day and multi-day seminars, graduate credit seminars (MA degree), online and in-person. We love to dwell on that union, and on the mutual happiness which it has so much promoted, and the common renown which it has so greatly contributed to acquire. When the honorable member rose, in his first speech, I paid him the respect of attentive listening; and when he sat down, though surprised, and I must say even astonished, at some of his opinions, nothing was farther from my intention than to commence any personal warfare: and through the whole of the few remarks I made in answer, I avoided, studiously and carefully, everything which I thought possible to be construed into disrespect. We see its consequences at this moment, and we shall never cease to see them, perhaps, while the Ohio shall flow. . . I regard domestic slavery as one of the greatest of evils, both moral and political. It was plenary then, and never having been surrendered, must be plenary now. . I supposed, that on this point, no two gentlemen in the Senate could entertain different opinions. Though Webster made an impassioned argument, the political, social, and economic traditions of New England informed his ideas about the threatened nation. Prejudice Not Natural: The American Colonization "What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. In 1830, the federal government collected few taxes and had two primary sources of revenue. .Readers will finish the book with a clear idea of the reason Webster's "Reply" became so influential in its own day. So they could finish selling the lands already surveyed. The speech is also known for the line Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable, which would subsequently become the state motto of North Dakota, appearing on the state seal. The taxes paid by foreign nations to export American cotton, for example, generated lots of money for the government. . The Senate debates between Whig Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Democrat Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina in January 1830 started out as a disagreement over the sale of Western lands and turned into one of the most famous verbal contests in American history. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Webster argued that the American people had created the Union to promote the good of the whole. Sir, I have had some opportunities of making comparisons between the condition of the free Negroes of the North and the slaves of the South, and the comparison has left not only an indelible impression of the superior advantages of the latter, but has gone far to reconcile me to slavery itself. Webster was eloquent, he was educated, he was witty, and he was a staunch defender of American liberty. Most assuredly, I need not say I differ with him, altogether and most widely, on that point. . We had no other general government. What followed, the Webster Hayne debate, was one of the most famous exchanges in Senate history. The gentleman has made an eloquent appeal to our hearts in favor of union. . It has been said that Hayne was Calhoun's sword and buckler and that he returned to the contest refreshed each morning by nightly communions with the Vice-President, drawing auxiliary supplies from the well-stored arsenal of his powerful and subtle mind. I admit that there is an ultimate violent remedy, above the Constitution, and in defiance of the Constitution, which may be resorted to, when a revolution is to be justified. If the government of the United States be the agent of the state governments, then they may control it, provided they can agree in the manner of controlling it; if it be the agent of the people, then the people alone can control it, restrain it, modify, or reform it. . All rights reserved. Ostend Manifesto of 1854 Overview & Purpose | What was the Ostend Manifesto? . . Historians love a good debate. This debate exposed the critically different understandings of the nature of the American. . . This seemed like an Eastern spasm of jealousy at the progress of the West. Hayne was a great orator, filled with fiery passion and eloquent prose. This would have been the case even if no positive provision to that effect had been inserted in that instrument. . Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) | Case, Significance & Summary. For one, Hayne and Webster were arguing for the fate of the West and, in particular, whether the North or South would control western development. He had allowed himself but a single night from eve to morn to prepare for a critical and crowning occasion. 1. emigration the movement of people from one place to another 2. immigration a situation in which resources are being used up at a faster rate than they can be replenished 3. migration the leaving of one's homeland to settle in a new place 4. overpopulation the movement of people to a new country 5. sustainable development a situation in which the birth rate is not sufficient to replace the . There yet remains to be performed, Mr. President, by far the most grave and important duty, which I feel to be devolved on me, by this occasion. I will struggle while I have life, for our altars and our fire sides, and if God gives me strength, I will drive back the invader discomfited. This feeling, always carefully kept alive, and maintained at too intense a heat to admit discrimination or reflection, is a lever of great power in our political machine. This is the true constitutional consolidation. Thousands of these deluded victims of fanaticism were seduced into the enjoyment of freedom in our Northern cities. Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural So "The Whole Affair Seems the Work of a Madman", John Brown and the Principle of Nonresistance. Southern ships and Southern sailors were not the instruments of bringing slaves to the shores of America, nor did our merchants reap the profits of that accursed traffic.. | 12 Under that system, the legal actionthe application of law to individuals, belonged exclusively to the states. First, New England was vindicated. Hayne entered the U.S. Senate in 1823 and soon became prominent as a spokesman for the South and for the . . . And who are its enemies? Then he began his speech, his words flowing on so completely at command that a fellow senator who heard him likened his elocution to the steady flow of molten gold. . . Regional Conflict in America: Debate Over States' Rights. . Where in these debates do we see a possible argument in defense of Constitutional secession by the states, later claimed by the Southern Confederacy before, during, and after the Civil War? But the topic which became the leading feature of the whole debate and gave it an undying interest was that of nullification, in which Hayne and Webster came forth as chief antagonists. It impressed on the soil itself, while it was yet a wilderness, an incapacity to bear up any other than free men. . Speech of Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, January 20, 1830. It makes but little difference, in my estimation, whether Congress or the Supreme Court, are invested with this power. While the Union lasts, we have high, exciting, gratifying prospects spread out before us, for us and our children. . But, sir, we will pass over all this. I must now beg to ask, sir, whence is this supposed right of the states derived?where do they find the power to interfere with the laws of the Union? Are we yet at the mercy of state discretion, and state construction? . Rachel Venter is a recent graduate of Metropolitan State University of Denver. . Senator Foote, of Connecticut, submitted a proposition inquiring into the expediency of limiting the sales of public lands to those already in the market. This, sir, is General Washingtons consolidation. . It has always been regarded as a matter of domestic policy, left with the states themselves, and with which the federal government had nothing to do. Be this as it may, Hayne was a ready and copious orator, a highly-educated lawyer, a man of varied accomplishments, shining as a writer, speaker, and counselor, equally qualified to draw up a bill or to advocate it, quick to memories, well fortified by wealth and marriage connections, dignified, never vulgar nor unmindful of the feelings of those with whom he mingled, Hayne moved in an atmosphere where lofty and chivalrous honor was the ruling sentiment. Sir, I will not stop at the border; I will carry the war into the enemys territory, and not consent to lay down my arms, until I shall have obtained indemnity for the past, and security for the future.[4] It is with unfeigned reluctance that I enter upon the performance of this part of my duty. I understand him to maintain, that the ultimate power of judging of the constitutional extent of its own authority, is not lodged exclusively in the general government, or any branch of it; but that, on the contrary, the states may lawfully decide for themselves, and each state for itself, whether, in a given case, the act of the general government transcends its power. Webster spoke in favor of the proposed pause of federal surveyance of western land, representing the North's interest in selling the western land, which had already been surveyed. The Webster-Hayne debate laid out key issues faced by the Senate in the 1820s and 1830s. So what was this debate really about? . What they said I believe; fully and sincerely believe, that the Union of the states is essential to the prosperity and safety of the states. But to remove all doubt it is expressly declared, by the 10th article of the amendment of the Constitution, that the powers not delegated to the states, by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.. . Sir, all our difficulties on this subject have arisen from interference from abroad, which has disturbed, and may again disturb, our domestic tranquility, just so far as to bring down punishment upon the heads of the unfortunate victims of a fanatical and mistaken humanity. . There is not, and never has been, a disposition in the North to interfere with these interests of the South. On that system, Carolina has no more interest in a canal in Ohio than in Mexico. After his term as a senator, he served as the Governor of South Carolina. . Create your account. An undefinable dread now went abroad that men were planning against the peace of the nation, that the Union was in danger; and citizens looked more closely after its safety and welfare. If I had, sir, the powers of a magician, and could, by a wave of my hand, convert this capital into gold for such a purpose, I would not do it. Understand the 1830 debate's significance through an overview of issues of the Constitution, the Union, and state sovereignty. . He rose, the image of conscious mastery, after the dull preliminary business of the day was dispatched, and with a happy figurative allusion to the tossed mariner, as he called for a reading of the resolution from which the debate had so far drifted, lifted his audience at once to his level. The debate was on. The idea that a state could nullify a federal law, associated with South Carolina, especially after the publication of John C. Calhouns South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) in response to the tariff passed in that year. . If the federal government, in all or any of its departments, are to prescribe the limits of its own authority; and the states are bound to submit to the decision, and are not to be allowed to examine and decide for themselves, when the barriers of the Constitution shall be overleaped, this is practically a government without limitation of powers; the states are at once reduced to mere petty corporations, and the people are entirely at your mercy. It is only regarded as a possible means of good; or on the other hand, as a possible means of evil. Sir, I may be singularperhaps I stand alone here in the opinion, but it is one I have long entertained, that one of the greatest safeguards of liberty is a jealous watchfulness on the part of the people, over the collection and expenditure of the public moneya watchfulness that can only be secured where the money is drawn by taxation directly from the pockets of the people. . Webster and the northern states saw the Constitution as binding the individual states together as a single union. . . If an inquiry should ever be instituted in these matters, however, it will be found that the profits of the slave trade were not confined to the South. An error occurred trying to load this video. To all this, sir, I was disposed most cordially to respond. He describes fully that old state of things then existing. . For the next several days, the men traded speeches which contemporaries of the time described as the greatest orations ever delivered in the Senate. Record of the Organization and Proceedings of The Massachusetts Lawmakers Investigate Working Condit State (Colonial) Legislatures>Massachusetts State Legislature. I would strengthen the ties that hold us together. . The Webster-Hayne Debate between New Hampshire Senator Daniel Webster and South Carolina Senator Robert Young Hayne highlighted the sectional nature of the controversy. . . . [2] We deal in no abstractions. Beyond that I seek not to penetrate the veil. Daniel Webster stood as a ready and formidable opponent from the north who, at different stages in his career, represented both the states of New Hampshire and Massachusetts. . . The Revelation on Celestial Marriage: Trouble Amon Hon. Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster's "Second Reply" to South Carolina Senator Robert Y. Hayne has long been thought of as a great oratorical celebration of American Nationalism in a period of sectional conflict. Even more pointedly, his speech reflected a decade of arguments from other Massachusetts conservatives who argued against supposed threats to New England's social order.[2]. The great debate, which culminated in Hayne's encounter with Webster, came about in a somewhat casual way. In a time when the country was undergoing some drastic changes, this debate managed to encapsulate the essence of the growing tensions dividing the nation. Speech to the U.S. House of Representatives. . Speech of Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina, January 27, 1830. . On January 19, 1830, Hayne attacked the Foot Resolution and labeled the Northeasterners as selfish and unprincipled for their support of protectionism and conservative land policies. The impression which has gone abroad, of the weakness of the South, as connected with the slave question, exposes us to such constant attacks, has done us so much injury, and is calculated to produce such infinite mischiefs, that I embrace the occasion presented by the remarks of the gentleman from Massachusetts, to declare that we are ready to meet the question promptly and fearlessly. What idea was espoused with the Webster-Hayne debates? . Address to the People of the United States, by the What are the main points of difference between Webster and Hayne, especially on the question of the nature of the Union and the Constitution? Francis O. J. Smith to Secretary of State Dan Special Message to the House of Representatives, Special Message to Congress on Mexican Relations. . The debate continued, in some ways not being fully settled until the completion of the Civil War affirmed the power of the federal government to preserve the Union over the sovereignty of the states to leave it. Why? At the time of the debate, Webster was serving his term as Senator of Massachusetts. And now, Mr. President, let me run the honorable gentlemans doctrine a little into its practical application. . ", What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?. . Eloquence threw open the portals of eternal day. They have agreed, that certain specific powers shall be exercised by the federal government; but the moment that government steps beyond the limits of its charter, the right of the states to interpose for arresting the progress of the evil, and for maintaining within their respective limits the authorities, rights, and liberties, appertaining to them,[7] is as full and complete as it was before the Constitution was formed. I spoke, sir, of the ordinance of 1787, which prohibited slavery, in all future times, northwest of the Ohio,[6] as a measure of great wisdom and foresight; and one which had been attended with highly beneficial and permanent consequences. What can I say? But that was found insufficient, and inadequate to the public exigencies. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. a. an explanation of natural events that is well supported by scientific evidence b. a set of rules for ethical conduct during an experiment c. a statement that describes how natural events happen d. a possible answer to a scientific question My life upon it, sir, they would not. I hold it to be a popular government, erected by the people; those who administer it responsible to the people; and itself capable of being amended and modified, just as the people may choose it should be. On that system, Ohio and Carolina are different governments, and different countries, connected here, it is true, by some slight and ill-defined bond of union, but, in all main respects, separate and diverse. Crittenden Compromise Plan & Reception | What was the Crittenden Compromise? . Hayne's few but zealous partizans shielded him still, and South Carolina spoke with pride of him. It would be equally fatal to the sovereignty and independence of the states. States' rights (South) vs. nationalism (North). Expert Answers. . His ideas about federalism and his interpretation of the Constitution as a document uniting the states under one supreme law were highly influential in the eyes of his contemporaries and would influence the rebuilding of the nation after the Civil War. He speaks as if he were in Congress before 1789. Webster's second reply to Hayne, in January 1830, became a famous defense of the federal union: "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable." Just beneath the surface of this debate lay the elements of the developing sectional crisis between North and South. 136 lessons Are we in that condition still? He joined Hayne in using this opportunity to try to detach the West from the East, and restore the old cooperation of the West and the South against New England. . I am a Unionist, and in this sense a national Republican.

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