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Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9, 1913, in what was then the township precinct of Yorba Linda, California,[5] in a house built by his father, located on his family's lemon ranch. He ran for president in 1960, narrowly lost to John F. Kennedy, then failed again in a 1962 race for governor of California, after which it was widely believed that his political career was over. A great proponent of the 26th Amendment, Nixon lowered the voting age from twenty-one to eighteen, extending the right to vote to Americas youth. [290] At its peak, the line to pass by Nixon's casket was three miles long with an estimated 42,000 people waiting.[291]. Nixons foreign policy was not even a little as successful as Reagans. [127] He soon instituted phased U.S. troop withdrawals,[158] but also authorized incursions into Laos, in part to interrupt the Ho Chi Minh trail passing through Laos and Cambodia and used to supply North Vietnamese forces. What he will be remembered for is the nightmare he put the country through in his second term and for his resignation. [104] Nixon hoped a successful run would confirm his status as the nation's leading active Republican politician, and ensure he remained a major player in national politics. There he played opposite a high school teacher named Thelma "Pat" Ryan. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. I now consider a permanent Middle East settlement to be the most important final goal to which we must devote ourselves. He maintained close relations with the Cuban-American exile community through his friend, Bebe Rebozo, who often suggested ways of irritating Castro. Believing his first choice, John Connally, would not be confirmed by Congress,[237] Nixon chose Gerald Ford, Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, to replace Agnew. [97], On April 27, 1958, Richard and Pat Nixon reluctantly embarked on a goodwill tour of South America. [259] He had hoped to wait before writing his memoirs; the fact that his assets were being eaten away by expenses and lawyer fees compelled him to begin work quickly. interests. During the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Nixon supported Israel with massive aid, which Prime Minister Golda Meir later said saved her country. While Nixon was trying his best to improve the relationship with China and the Soviet Union, Reagan acted strictly against communistic countries. Aiming to achieve peace with honor in the Vietnam War, Nixon gradually reduced the number of U.S. military personnel in Vietnam. Nixon was inaugurated as president on January 20, 1969, sworn in by his onetime political rival, Chief Justice Earl Warren. Agnew had little interest in the work, and most of it was done by Labor Secretary George Shultz. It was, in fact, because of the tremendous drain of the Vietnam War on U.S. resources that Nixon created the doctrine. Until his historic visit to Mainland China in 1972, any dealings with the Communist Chinese regime were considered to be taboo in the United States; therefore Nixons initiative, nobelliterature.com 2018 All Rights Reserved, * All Partners were chosen among 50+ writing services by our Customer Satisfaction Team, The Use of Presidential Power by Johnson and Nixon, Problem of Slaves and The Article Notes on Virginia Written by Thomas Jefferson. Amid protests at home demanding an immediate pullout, he implemented a strategy of replacing American troops with Vietnamese troops, known as "Vietnamization". - 50% of American approved of the Cambodian offensive but 39% disapproved and the protests continued Webthat resulted in Nixon's appointment of Kissinger as special assistant to the president for National Security Affairs ?even though they did not share similar views on foreign policy.11 In particular, Kissinger did not share Nixon's optimistic approach to diplomacy and proclivity for taking risky, far-reaching foreign policy actions. That made his voters very confused about whether he was a conservative or a liberal. Seeking to foster better relations with the United States, China and the Soviet Union both cut back on their diplomatic support for North Vietnam and advised Hanoi to come to terms militarily. I will be forever grateful to you for your help, and I wish you continued success with your fantastic writing service. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. - American involvement stabilised the Middle East whilst excluding the Soviets, - Name given to the period of improved relationship between US and USSR. He actively tried to improve relations with China, and thereby, wanted to influence the improvement of relations with the Soviet Union. Agnew became an increasingly vocal critic of these groups, solidifying Nixon's position with the right. [158] It is estimated that between 50,000 and 150,000 people were killed during the bombing of Cambodia between 1970 and 1973. [14][15], Nixon attended East Whittier Elementary School, where he was president of his eighth-grade class. He responded by helping to found a new society, the Orthogonian Society. WebPresident Nixon pursued two important policies that both culminated in 1972. In late April, the President announced that Nixon would again be his running mate. He suffered a debilitating stroke on April 18, 1994, and died four days later at the age of 81. Nixon said of this, Even with close friends, I don't believe in letting your hair down, confiding this and that and the other thingsaying, "Gee, I couldn't sleep" I believe you should keep your troubles to yourself. Publicly, he said his strategy was a [309], Nixon's career was frequently dogged by his persona and the public's perception of it. [145], Nixon and Kissinger immediately met for an hour with CCP Chairman Mao Zedong and Premier Zhou at Mao's official private residence, where they discussed a range of issues. - 1971 China invited American table tennis team to China A 1953 tour of the Far East succeeded in increasing local goodwill toward the United States, and gave Nixon an appreciation of the region as a potential industrial center. Reagan, during his presidency, was prone to change his beliefs concerning other countries, as it happened with his attitude to the Soviet Union. When Goldwater won the nomination, Nixon was selected to introduce him at the convention. By basing the US foreign policy on realist rather than moral principles, Nixon pursued a policy of In a 2011 paper on Nixon and the environment, historian Paul Charles Milazzo points to Nixon's creation of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and to his enforcement of legislation such as the 1973 Endangered Species Act, stating that "though unsought and unacknowledged, Richard Nixon's environmental legacy is secure". [181] There were no significant breakthroughs in these negotiations. Although he thought Goldwater unlikely to win, Nixon campaigned for him loyally. - Detente would demonstrate that Nixon was a peace loving world statesman and help him to win the election in 1972 The influential article burnished Nixons foreign policy credentials. He visited Saigon and Hanoi in French Indochina. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [172] Out of the summit came agreements for increased trade and two landmark arms control treaties: SALT I, the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers,[127] and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles. [146] He said he was suspicious of Kissinger,[146] though the National Security Advisor referred to their meeting as his "encounter with history". He faced little opposition in the Republican primaries[103] and chose former Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. as his running mate. [1][23] Nixon played for the basketball team; he also tried out for football, and though he lacked the size to play, he remained on the team as a substitute and was noted for his enthusiasm. [145], The visit ushered in a new era of USChina relations. Biographer Irwin Gellman, who chronicled Nixon's congressional years, said of his vice presidency: Eisenhower radically altered the role of his running mate by presenting him with critical assignments in both foreign and domestic affairs once he assumed his office. The Johnson administration had offered to suspend bombing unconditionally in exchange for negotiations, but to no avail. [51] On October 3, 1945, he was promoted to lieutenant commander. [313] Another legacy, for a time, was a decrease in the power of the presidency as Congress passed restrictive legislation in the wake of Watergate. According to Ray Price, Nixon sometimes took them in together. [27], After graduating summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from Whittier in 1934, Nixon was accepted at the new Duke University School of Law,[28] which offered scholarships to top students, including Nixon. When Soviet Premier Brezhnev threatened to unilaterally enforce any peacekeeping mission militarily, Nixon ordered the U.S. military to DEFCON3,[183] placing all U.S. military personnel and bases on alert for nuclear war. The process was not completed before the Soviets began expanding their base at the Cuban port of Cienfuegos in October 1970. The Washington Post picked up on the story; reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward relied on an informant known as "Deep Throat"later revealed to be Mark Felt, associate director at the FBIto link the men to the Nixon administration. [77], General Dwight D. Eisenhower was nominated for president by the Republicans in 1952. [182] Nixon's onetime opponent George McGovern commented in 1983, "President Nixon probably had a more practical approach to the two superpowers, China and the Soviet Union, than any other president since World WarII With the exception of his inexcusable continuation of the war in Vietnam, Nixon really will get high marks in history. - Reagan argued that negotiating with the USSR weakened the US and they shouldn't have any communist affiliations When Eisenhower announced his reelection bid in February 1956, he hedged on the choice of his running mate, saying it was improper to address that question until he had been renominated. Both presidents can be considered prominent figures of the political arena. On the Republican side, Nixon's main opposition was Michigan Governor George Romney, though New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and California Governor Ronald Reagan each hoped to be nominated in a brokered convention. Some people are different. Nixon hoped that one day the United States, the Soviet Union, western Europe, China, and Japan would coexist peacefully and trade together to their mutual benefit. the diplomatic initiatives of President Carter and Secretary Vance were quite successful. According to Thomas Oatley, "the Bretton Woods system collapsed so that Nixon might win the 1972 presidential election. [87] Nixon attended Cabinet and National Security Council meetings and chaired them in Eisenhower's absence. It was even alleged that "Nixon personally authorized" $700,000 in covert funds to print anti-Allende messages in a prominent Chilean newspaper. [149], When Nixon took office, about 300 American soldiers were dying each week in Vietnam,[150] and the war was widely unpopular in the United States, the subject of ongoing violent protests. - The US gave financial, organisational and technical aid to Operation Condor, What criticism did the US get for their involvement in Chile and Argentina, - Relations between China and US had been hostile since the Korean War in 1950-3 [189] Nixon's major economic goal was to reduce inflation; the most obvious means of doing so was to end the war. Olson suggests that legislation in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks restored the president's power. [78][79] On the campaign trail, Eisenhower spoke of his plans for the country, and left the negative campaigning to his running mate. - Nixon feared Castro in Cuba and communism spreading in South America, - Nixon gave the CIA $10 million to prevent Allende coming to power or if he did to overthrow him [26] In 1933, he became engaged to Ola Florence Welch, daughter of the Whittier police chief, but they broke up in 1935. The activities were brought to light after five men were caught breaking into the Democratic party headquarters at the Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. on June 17, 1972. For other uses, see, American newspaper covers of May 9, 1958, show student protests at the, President Nixon shakes hands with Chinese Premier, Nixon and Zhou Enlai toast during Nixon's 1972 visit to China, U.S. House of Representatives (19471950), Governmental initiatives and organization, Reelection, Watergate scandal, and resignation, see especially page 2 (after introductory material) in which a bar graph displays NHLBI funding for sickle cell research from FY 1972 through FY 2001, totaling $923 million for these thirty years, starting at $10 million for 1972, then about $15 million a year through 1976, about $20 million for 1977, etc, John W. Malsberger, "Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and the Fund Crisis of 1952,", Gellman, Irwin. [22], Nixon was offered a tuition grant to attend Harvard University, but with Harold's continued illness requiring his mother's care, Richard was needed at the store. In March 1970, at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge and negotiated by Pol Pot's then-second-in-command, Nuon Chea, North Vietnamese troops launched an offensive and overran much of Cambodia. [221], On May 24, 1972, Nixon approved a five-year cooperative program between NASA and the Soviet space program, culminating in the 1975 joint mission of an American Apollo and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft linking in space. To pay for the weapons, the shah raised the price of Iranian oil beyond the already high price charged by OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), of which Iran was a member. These hearings culminated in votes for impeachment. [17][18][17][18] Though he had to ride a school bus an hour each way during his freshman year, he received excellent grades. More than a week later, by the time the U.S. and Soviet Union began negotiating a truce, Israel had penetrated deep into enemy territory. - South Vietnamese survived temporarily, - 2 million communist soldiers [239], On November 17, 1973, during a televised question-and-answer session[240] with 400 Associated Press managing editors, Nixon said, "People have got to know whether or not their President is a crook. Nonetheless, Nixon acted in Eisenhower's stead during this period, presiding over Cabinet meetings and ensuring that aides and Cabinet officers did not seek power. - In September 1973 a coup was led by General Pinochet and Allende's government was overthrown. - He was Secretary of state between 1973-77 ( was still there after Nixon left) The truce negotiations rapidly escalated into a superpower crisis; when Israel gained the upper hand, Egyptian President Sadat requested a joint U.S.USSR peacekeeping mission, which the U.S. refused. [69] Nixon and Douglas won the primary elections[70] and engaged in a contentious campaign in which the ongoing Korean War was a major issue. However, he was already a HUAC member in early February 1947, when he heard "Enemy Number One" Gerhard Eisler and his sister Ruth Fischer testify. He left while devoting half his address to a recitation of his accomplishments in office. [220] NASA cancelled the last three planned Apollo lunar missions to place Skylab in orbit more efficiently and free money up for the design and construction of the Space Shuttle. [227] The following month, Nixon was renominated at the 1972 Republican National Convention. In the second of four televised debates, Democratic presidential nominee John F. Kennedy and Vice President Richard Nixon turn their attention to foreign policy issues. By 1971, however, tensions over desegregation surfaced in Northern cities, with angry protests over the busing of children to schools outside their neighborhood to achieve racial balance. [13] Richard was twelve years old when a spot was found on his lung, and with a family history of tuberculosis, he was forbidden to play sports. Nixon believed that with the Democrats torn over the issue of the Vietnam War, a Republican had a good chance of winning, although he expected the election to be as close as in 1960. Corrections? What was US intervention in Arab-Israeli war? - He felt that the US had wasted its power under Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson by allying with the weaker countries like South Vietnam and Korea - Kissinger went to China and managed to get them to join the UN Clinton, whose wife served on the staff of the committee that voted to impeach Nixon, met openly with him and regularly sought his advice.[292]. The President did not reveal any of this to the American people. WebForeign policy is the area in which Richard Nixon's unprecedented resignation as president over Watergate has least obscured his achievements. He saved many American especially young people from sacrificing from the battlefield. He remained in his hometown, enrolled at Whittier College in September 1930, and his expenses were met by a bequest from his maternal grandfather. A breakthrough came in early 1971, when Chinese Communist Party (CCP) chairman Mao Zedong invited a team of American table tennis players to visit China and play against top Chinese players. - Kissinger was warded the Nobel Peace prize in 1973 [204], As one policy initiative, Nixon called for more money for sickle-cell research, treatment, and education in February 1971[205] and signed the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act on May 16, 1972. [132] Whether the Nixon campaign interfered with negotiations between the Johnson administration and the South Vietnamese by engaging Anna Chennault, a fundraiser for the Republican party, remains a controversy. [171], Nixon used the improving international environment to address the topic of nuclear peace. Because of the collaboration between these two leaders, Nixon deserves the title, "the first modern vice president". [145] More than a hundred television journalists accompanied the president. Yet even in a spirit of historical revisionism, no simple verdict is possible. Richard Nixon is one of the most controversial Presidents in the history of the United States. Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 April 22, 1994) was the 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. However, Nixon earned 301 electoral votes to 191 for Humphrey and 46 for Wallace, a majority. "[83] The speech prompted a huge public outpouring of support for Nixon. At his hotel, Nixon faced another mob, and one demonstrator spat on him. Although he faced difficulty with Congress, Nixon was able to overcome his own partys views in order to fight for the best policies and his determination and successful policies earn him an A in this area. If I need a paper that is formatted in MLA style, they will do it for me without a flaw. [94] Eisenhower and Nixon were reelected by a comfortable margin in the November 1956 election. They decided to send Nixon to the larger Fullerton Union High School. Nixon's youth (he was then 39), stance against communism, and political base in Californiaone of the largest stateswere all seen as vote-winners by the leaders. The work has been hard, and I have had to study virtually all the time. [73] During the campaign, Nixon was first called "Tricky Dick" by his opponents for his campaign tactics. He chose not to present any defense. [76] Nixon also criticized President Harry S. Truman's handling of the Korean War. The following day, Nixon met with Zhou; the joint communique following this meeting recognized Taiwan as a part of China and looked forward to a peaceful solution to the problem of reunification. With pressure building for Eisenhower to demand Nixon's resignation from the ticket, the senator went on television to address the nation on September 23, 1952. [307] Historian Christopher Andrew concludes that "Nixon was a great statesman on the world stage as well as a shabby practitioner of electoral politics in the domestic arena. [180], During the previous two years, Nixon had made considerable progress in U.S.Soviet relations, and he embarked on a second trip to the Soviet Union in 1974. [74], In the Senate, Nixon took a prominent position in opposing global communism, traveling frequently and speaking out against it. By basing the US foreign policy on realist rather than moral principles, Nixon pursued a policy of d;tente and developed more cordial relations with the Soviet Union. [161] Nixon's responses to protesters included an impromptu, early morning meeting with them at the Lincoln Memorial on May 9, 1970. Talk to them. [58], In his memoirs, Nixon wrote that he joined the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) "at the end of 1947". I gave them a sword and they stuck it in. [170]:93 Following an extended period of social, political, and economic unrest, General Augusto Pinochet assumed power in a violent coup d'tat on September 11, 1973; among the dead was Allende. Among the candidates considered along with Nixon were Ohio Senator Robert A. Taft, New Jersey Governor Alfred Driscoll, and Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen. Both Nixon and his wife believed he was limiting his prospects by remaining in Whittier. [236] The resignation speech was delivered from the Oval Office and was carried live on radio and television. During nearly 20 years of retirement, Nixon wrote his memoirs and nine other books. [85] Eisenhower decided to retain him on the ticket,[86] which proved victorious in the November election. I am thrilled to have discovered EssaysWriters.com, because this is a writing company that is 100% dependable and who produces excellent written assignments. - Nixon went to Moscow on the 22nd of May 1972 and signed SALT and anti-Ballistic Missile treaty. Why did Nixon not take Kissinger's peace agreement in 1972? "Nixon and the Environment" in, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, diplomatic relations between the two nations, South Pacific Combat Air Transport Command, 1946 California's 12th congressional district election, 1950 United States Senate election in California, 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Foreign policy of the Richard Nixon administration, to visit China and play against top Chinese players, Role of the United States in the Vietnam War, an impromptu, early morning meeting with them, the stalled Middle East Peace Negotiations, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, joint mission of an American Apollo and Soviet Soyuz spacecraft, one of the largest landslide election victories in American history, Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, addressing the nation on television the previous evening, List of awards and honors received by Richard Nixon, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Richard Nixon's Presidential Library and Museum, surveys of historians and political scientists, "Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum", "Lincoln Wins: Honest Abe tops new presidential survey", "Richard Nixon in the U.S. Census Records", "The Ancestors of Senator John Forbes Kerry (b. [122], At the end of 1967, Nixon told his family he planned to run for president a second time. [178] In 1973, Nixon announced his administration was committed to seeking most favored nation trade status with the USSR,[179] which was challenged by Congress in the Jackson-Vanik Amendment. President Johnson withdrew as a candidate in March, after an unexpectedly poor showing in the New Hampshire primary. - Nixon and Kissinger restrained Israel He called for a War on Drugs and pledged to cut off sources of supply abroad. 1943)", "Official Military Personnel File for Richard M. Nixon", "Final Report on Foreign Aid of the House Select Committee on Foreign Aid", "The Problem of American Communism in 1945: Facts and Recommendations", Museum of Broadcast Communications, "KennedyNixon Debates", Museum of Broadcast Communications, "Smith, Howard K.", "42% of GOP Rank and File on Lodge Bandwagon", "Johnson Leads Nixon, 3 To 1 In Latest Presidential Poll", "Goldwater Looks to California and Oregon Primaries as Crucial to His Chances", "ROCKEFELLER WINS OREGON PRIMARY, UPSETTING LODGE", Nixon Tried to Spoil Johnson's Vietnam Peace Talks in '68, Notes Show, "Biden Had To Fight For The Presidential Nomination. "[325] Elsewhere on the 1971 recordings, Nixon denies being antisemitic, saying, "If anybody who's been in this chair ever had reason to be antisemitic, I did And I'm not, you know what I mean?"[325]. Nixon's resignation had not put an end to the desire among many to see him punished. After active duty in the Naval Reserve during World War II, he was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946. The Nixon Doctrine will be introduced at this time to see how U.S. foreign policy changed in response to events (in this case, the Vietnam War). [123], An exceptionally tumultuous primary election season began as the Tet Offensive was launched in January 1968. All rights reserved. The trip was uneventful until the Nixon party reached Lima, Peru, where he was met with student demonstrations. [198] He relied on his domestic advisor John Ehrlichman, who favored protection of natural resources, to keep him "out of trouble on environmental issues. Through his first term, he pursued a Southern Strategy with policies, such as his desegregation plans, that would be broadly acceptable among Southern whites, encouraging them to realign with the Republicans in the aftermath of the civil rights movement. [170]:25 This began by trying to convince the Chilean congress to confirm Jorge Alessandri as the winner of the election, and then messages to military officers in support of a coup. - 74% thought that the South should not fall to communists, - North Vietnam was being driven to peace settlement by US bombings, Senio-Soviet relations and Nixons likelihood of being reelected By September 1970, less than ten percent of black children were attending segregated schools. After intensive negotiations between National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese Foreign Minister Le Duc Tho, the two sides reached an agreement in October 1972, and Kissinger announced, Peace is at hand. But the South Vietnamese raised objections, and the agreement quickly broke down. [182] Kissinger noted similarities between Nixon's opening of China in 1972 and President Donald Trump's Middle East diplomacy. He was also the first American President to visit China. Calculating U.S. - Detente did not stop all weapons testing or stop arms race WebRichard M. Nixon and Zhou Enlai. I also told him that I know exactly how he felt. But that was what betrayed him. He began to withdraw American [200], In 1971, Nixon proposed health insurance reforma private health insurance employer mandate,[b] federalization of Medicaid for poor families with dependent minor children,[201] and support for health maintenance organizations (HMOs). [248] It was termed "a masterpiece" by Conrad Black, one of his biographers. Jimmy Carter, continuing violence in the Middle East and the overthrow of the shah of Iran by revolutionary forces led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1979 destabilized the region so much that the guidelines of the Nixon Doctrine no longer served U.S. national interests. [247], Nixon's speech received generally favorable initial responses from network commentators, with only Roger Mudd of CBS stating that Nixon had not admitted wrongdoing. He was re-elected with a historic electoral landslide in 1972 when he defeated George McGovern. [136] Nixon said: "I have received a very gracious message from the Vice President, congratulating me for winning the election.

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