facts about the salem witch trialskelly services substitute teacher pay orange county

A total of 19 accused witches were hanged at Proctors Ledge, near Gallows Hill, during the witch trials. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic SocietyCopyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Im glad it was helpful. As if the class and religious differences werent bad enough, Salem was in an area that was under regular attack from Native American tribes. Many of the accusers were adults and more than a few of them were people who had themselves been accused. The hysteria gripping Salem a settlement resonating with the incessant sound of accusation and counteraccusation showed that no-one was exempt from suspicion. Thats where spectral evidence comes in, and it played a significant role in the Salem trials. Copyright 1996-2015 National Geographic Society, Copyright 2015-2023 National Geographic Partners, LLC. Yet another crucial moment during the Salem Witch Trials was the public torture and death of Giles Corey. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. 31. That same month, four more women were accused and arrested:Rebecca NurseMartha CoreyDorothy GoodRachel Clinton (from Ipswich). Some of these women were actually witches, though they were entirely innocent of the crimes of which they were convicted. Letters of Governor Phips to the Home Government, 16921693, "Woman condemned in Salem witch trials on verge of pardon 328 years later", "Indictment of Sarah Good for Afflicting Sarah Vibber", "Indictment of Abigail Hobbs for Covenanting", "The Devil's Specter: Spectral Evidence and the Salem Witchcraft Crisis", Narratives of the Witchcraft Trials, p. 342, "Role of skin lesions in the Salem witchcraft trials", "329 years later, last Salem 'witch' who wasn't is pardoned", Cornell University Library Witchcraft Collection, Salem Massachusetts Salem Witch Trials The Stones: July 10 and July 19, 1692, Salem Village Witchcraft Victims' Memorial, etext.virginia.edu, Chapter 122 of the Acts of 2001, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, "Actual Site Of Salem Witch Hangings Discovered", "The Real Salem Witch Hanging Site Was Located", Salem Witchcraft Trials: The Perception Of Women In History, Literature And Culture, Salem Witch Trials Documentary Archive and Transcription Project, SalemWitchTrials.com Essays, biographies of the accused and afflicted, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem_witch_trials&oldid=1142737002. Presided over by Chief Justice William Stoughton, the court was made up of magistrates and jurors. There were many critics of the witch hunt, such as a local farmer John Proctor, who scoffed at the idea of witchcraft in Salem and called the young girls scam artists. First, there are a number of ergot poisoning symptoms which were not reported by those who claimed to be afflicted by witchcraft. The Salem witch trials, which resulted in several deaths in 1692 in the small town of Salem, Massachusetts, have never been adequately explained. One of the most popular theories as to what could have caused the mass hysteria of Salem is that of ergot poisoning, but recent scholars have questioned this idea. And particularly, as I was a chief instrument of accusing of Goodwife Nurse and her two sisters, I desire to lie in the dust, and to be humbled for it, in that I was a cause, with others, of so sad a calamity to them and their families; for which cause I desire to lie in the dust, and earnestly beg forgiveness of God, and from all those unto whom I have given just cause of sorrow and offence, whose relations were taken away or accused.. Hi Maria, I dont have a version number for this site. In mid-September, Corey was tortured this way for three days in a field near Howard Street until he finally died on September 19. One freezing day in January of 1692, something strange happened inside the Parris household of Salem Village, Massachusetts. TDR / The Drama Review, 2018, Vol. Within minutes theyre led, hoods drawn over their heads, towards a rudimentary set of gallows, and their imminent executions. This is basically what got me an A on my history fair assignment, I appreciate all the time and effort put into writing this! "5 Facts About the Salem Trials." They were a means of crowd control that gave way to changes in power structures. The trials only lasted three months, but they managed to leave a perpetual dark mark on the town's history. Other factors included a recent small pox epidemic in the colony, growing rivalries between families within the colony, a constant threat of attack from nearby Native-American tribes, and a recent influx of refugees trying to escape King Williams war with France in Canada and New York. It's unlikely that anyone in Salem was actually practicing witchcraftmost of the community consisted of devout and pious Christians. It's also important to remember that there is no evidence, other than spectral evidence and coerced confessions, that any of the accused actually did practice witchcraft. I just found this out. We know not whether some remarkable affronts given to the Devils by our disbelieving those testimonies whose whole force and strength is from them alone, may not put a period unto the progress of the dreadful calamity begun upon us, in the accusations of so many persons, whereof some, we hope, are yet clear from the great transgression laid unto their charge. North Wind Picture Archives, Alamy Stock Photo. When it came to religion, Salem Village was as devout as any other settlement in the area; one visitor observed that the residents of New England could neither drive a bargain, nor make a jest, without a text of Scripture at the end of it. For years, Salem Village tried to separate itself politically from Salem Town. The Salem Witch Trials began in spring 1692 and lasted for seven months, during which more than 150 people where arrested, 19 were hanged and one was tortured to death. Hopkins crusade was at its most virulent between 1644 and 1646. According to the official Salem website, the trials were shorter than most people believe, but they were still deadly. Massachusetts Archives, Vol. Salem Witch Trials from William A. Crafts Did the people really believe in witches? This helped with my English assignment! Salem Witch Trials: The Hysteria Spreads Salem Witch Trials: Conclusion and Legacy The infamous Salem witch trials began during the spring of 1692, after a group of young girls in Salem. Wrong. Keeping to yourself and minding your own business seemed suspicious. It also helped with my reading assignment. One of them was shot but I dont know how the other one died. We also have kept good records of everything. Was there some sort of compromise at the end? As sleet and snow heaped higher outside their door, Betty Parris and her cousin Abigail began to twitch and twist their bodies into strange shapes, speaking in words that made no sense. Nige Tassell explains how hysteria in the village of Salem, Massachusets, gave rise to a horror that bedazzled the world. Every March, people in the United States celebrate the achievements and history of women as part of Womens History Month. The Superior Court of Judicature, formed to replace the witchcraft court, did not allow spectral evidence. (2021, September 9). The jail was a small wooden structure with a dungeon underneath. She was hanged on June 10, 1692 at a place now called Proctors Ledge, which is a small hill near Gallows Hill, making her the first official victim of the witch trials. On September 22, eight people were hanged. Those who were found guilty were pardoned by Governor Phips. Ergot is a fungus found in bread, and has the same effect as hallucinogenic drugs. This was so helpful for my project! I wonder how many people ran away from The Salem Witch Trials. Encyclopdia Britannica, and create and manage the relationships between them. Corey, a woman who, in her own words, had made a profession of Christ and rejoiced to go and hear the word of God, had drawn the attention of the prosecutors by offering the opinion that the accusers were just poor, distracted children. Spanos and Gottlieb argue. 135, p. 112, No. Bernard Rosenthal, "Medievalism and the Salem Witch Trials," in: Protests against early modern witch trials, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Cultural depictions of the Salem witch trials, Medical and psychological explanations of bewitchment, List of wrongful convictions in the United States, "Six Victims of 1692 Salem Witch Trials "Cleared" by Massachusetts", "Massachusetts Clears 5 From Salem Witch Trials", "Salem may pardon accused witches of 1692", "On 325th anniversary, city dedicates Proctor's Ledge memorial to Salem Witch Trials victims", "Memorable Providence, Relating to Witchcraft and Possessions", "Examination of Dorothy Good, As Told by Deodat Lawson", "Religiosity and the political economy of the Salem witch trials", Virginia.edu Salem witch trials (archives), "Massachusetts Archives: Superior Court of Judicature Witchcraft Trials (JanuaryMay 1693), Cases Heard". By the end of the trials in 1693, 24 people had died, some in jail but most by hanging. im doing a huge assessment in my language arts class called national history day and i love how into detail this went! However, the subtlety of the ministers response was largely sidelined by the grand jury, who drew their energy from one particular concluding line from Mather: we cannot but humbly recommend unto the government, the speedy and vigorous prosecution of such as have rendered themselves obnoxious. In possession of such a mandate, the trials moved up a gear. All witches are women, but not every woman is a witch. Tried and found guilty within the course of a single day, Bishop was hanged a week later on 10 June, the first execution of the trials. The Salem witch trials marked a seven-month period of mass hysteria in 1692 Colonial America. Other diagnoses have focused more on the mental wellbeing of the Salem girls. You can unsubscribe at any time. Ultimately, eight women and two men were tried and found guilty of attending the gathering. In the 300 years since the Salem Witch Trials, experts have gone to great lengths to offer explanations for the young Salem girls afflictions of a somewhat more rational nature than the witchcraft diagnosed at the time. Unfortunately, I do not have any information on her family tree but you might want to check out a genealogy site like ancestry.com to find out more. To complicate matters further, within Salem Village itself, there were two separate social groups. I really enjoy reading your blog! One major factor was that in 1684, King Charles II revoked the Massachusetts Bay Colonys royal charter, a legal document granting the colonists permission to colonize the area. 135, no. Three Salem Women: The Stories of Alice Parker, Ann Pudeator and Bridget Bishop, Salem Witch Trials Weekly, produced by the Salem Witch Museum, Bewitchment in Salem, produced by the Salem Witch Museum in conjunction with SATV, The Salem Witch Trials: A Day-by-Day Chronicle of a Community Under Siegeby Marilynne K. Roach (Jul 22, 2004), Cry Innocent: The People vs. Bridget Bishop, The Salem Witch Trials: Reckoning and Reclaiming at the Peabody Essex Museum. One of them, George Burroughs, protested his innocence as the noose was readied. The initial article took me a few days to write and then I have been slowly adding to it and expanding it over the years. I Witchcraft had been made illegal during Henry VIIIs reign, with subsequent legislation passed under Elizabeth I further outlawing conjurations and enchantments. If you are looking for more info on the victims themselves, you can check out the article I wrote specifically about them titled The Salem Witch Trials Victims: Who Were They? This series of prosecutions and hangings of those accused of practicing witchcraft provoked a major backlash, and the event still haunts us today. I was wondering if there was a written document or agreement signed that ended the trials. Text adapted from the National Geographic book Witches! And, of course, theres the theory that it was all down to good old fashioned spite. Of course, remembering the events of 1692 can still act as a brake when contemporary events take a sinister downturn. 143159, This page was last edited on 4 March 2023, at 02:44. There wasnt really any one document or agreement that ended the trials. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The fact is, no accused witches were burned at the stake in Salem, Massachusetts. All rights reserved. He is recorded to have recited a prayer uttered with such composedness from many, so that it seemed to some that the spectators would hinder the execution. A Brief History of The Salem Witch Trials.Brief History Of The Salem Witch Trials The Salem witch trials took place between 1692 & 1693, in colonial Massachusetts. From unbelievable witch swimming tests to th. Thank you for this amazing article! The Salem witch trials resulted in the arrest of over 150 people, 19 of whom were ultimately convicted and executed. The Witchcraft of Salem Village. Daily chores, business matters and other activities were neglected during the chaos of the witch trials, causing many problems in the colony for years to come, according to the book The Witchcraft of Salem Village: The whole colony, moreover, had suffered. The Salem witch trials occurred in colonial Massachusetts between early 1692 and mid-1693. Pre-trial examinations were held at the Salem Village meetinghouse, in Reverend Samuel Parris house in Salem Village, in Ingersoll Tavern at Salem Village and in Beadles Tavern in Salem Town. Where did theses trials take place were there anymore places then Massachusetts Bay. Salem Witchcraft and Cotton Mather. What gave witches away were body marks, such as scars and moles. He was later exonerated. The link can be found in the section of this article titled Salem Witch Trial Victims. His death was gruesome and cruel and strengthened the growing opposition to the Salem Witch Trials. 82 (Boston: Wright and Potter, 1902), pp. This belief in the power of the accused to use their invisible shapes or spectres to torture their victims had sealed the fates of those tried by the Court of Oyer and Terminer. Many modern theories suggest the girls were suffering from epilepsy, boredom, child abuse, mental illness or even a disease brought on by eating rye infected with fungus. It disgusts me but at the same time interests me, and makes me want to learn more. People wanted to protect themselves, so they ratted out their own friends, neighbors or anyone they didn't like. Meanwhile, those who lived further away clung to their rigid Puritan values. Heinrich Kramer wrote a whole book on why witches should be all exterminated and how to do that. With a 1562 act now permitting the death penalty for acts of witchcraft, they were hanged. The Salem Witch Trials are a dark stain on American history and on the history of Christianity. Salem was . Most of the accused really had nowhere else to go and many of them didnt have the money to leave even if they wanted to. The Story of the Salem Witch Trials is a history of that event. this helped a lot on my social studies project. Even when the court ordered further executions, Phips wisely issued pardons to those convicted. The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 were a dark time in American history. On July 23, John Proctor wrote to the clergy in Boston. While sympathy, and certainly empathy, are always good things to have, its also important that we dont let emotions color the facts. It all began in 1692 and 1693 when Salem in the United States . Bridget Bishop - The First to Die in Salem Witch Trials, 8 Famous Witches From Mythology and Folklore, Salem, Massachusetts, and the famous trial in 1692, witchcraft was not seen as a religion at all. Bad weather isn't the only reason why the witch hype began. While Salem has, in the English-speaking world at least, become the byword for witch-hunts, a very similar episode occurred in Lancashire in 1612, some 80 years before the panic in New England the case of the Pendle Hill witches. Salem witch trials. More significant were admissions of attending a witches meeting on Pendle Hill. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. I could use this for classroom use. I read a paper several years ago that attributed much of the Salem Witch Trials to classism and arguments over land and land rights several years ago, but cant seem to remember its authors or publisher. Afflicted Girls:Elizabeth BoothElizabeth HubbardMercy LewisBetty ParrisAnn Putnam, Jr.Susannah SheldonAbigail WilliamsMary WalcottMary Warren. Between 1692 and 1693, more than two hundred people were accused. I lasted edited this page on October 18, 2015. When was this site last edited? The following are some facts about the Salem Witch Trials: The Salem Witch Trials were a series of witchcraft cases brought before local magistrates in a settlement called Salem which was a part of the Massachusetts Bay colony in the 17th century. Shortly after Sir William Phips appointment as Governor, he was forced to establish a court to deal with those who had been locked up in jail and were awaiting trial. In April, more women were accused, as well as a number of men:Sarah CloyceElizabeth ProctorJohn ProctorGiles CoreyAbigail HobbsDeliverance HobbsWilliam HobbsMary WarrenBridget BishopSarah WildesNehemiah Abbott Jr.Mary EastyEdward BishopSarah BishopMary EnglishPhillip EnglishReverend George BurroughsLydia DustinSusannah MartinDorcas HoarSarah Morey. In 2017, on the 325th anniversary of the Salem Witch Trials, the newly built Proctors Ledge Memorial was unveiled at the base of the ledge on Pope Street. Its a common myth that the Salem Witch Trials victims were burned at the stake. Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice. Upon hearing about the Parris girls behavior, much of the Puritan community agreed that the duo had been victims of witchcraft. One of the greatest tragedies of the Salem Witch Trials was the concept of the familiars. They were during the Colonial times. There is actually a compilation of all of the primary sources on the Salem Witch Trials. Please be respectful of copyright. After Bishops execution and the courts endorsement of the indictments against Rebecca Nurse and John Willard, a local constable who, doubting the allegations, refused to bring the accused to court the grand jury adjourned for almost three weeks. Visit this site's About page to find out more about Rebecca. No more restricting property ownership and voting rights to only church members. Most of the accusers were Puritans who lived on the farms. Thank for the site it is so helpful for my project! Or maybe it was the 1711 bill that cleared the names of the accused witches. No one was burned at the stake in Salem, but nineteen people were hanged, and one was pressed to death under heavy stones. Europe, on the other hand, was super into dramatic flames. Are there any other theories as to what may have caused the girls strange behavior? Learn Religions, Sep. 9, 2021, learnreligions.com/facts-about-the-salem-trials-2562897. They were soft, obvious targets for a mistrustful, God-fearing populace living along strictly defined lines. The witchcraft hysteria in Salem first began in January of 1692 when a group of young girls, who later came to be known as the afflicted girls, fell ill after playing a fortune-telling game and began behaving strangely. Id really like to see period sources for your assertion here. 121, p. 108. Although I just found it, it has helped me with what I needed on my Salem Witch Trials report for History. After my greaty great uncle Israel Porter formed political group to gather support against putnums, putnums responded by accusing supporters n friends of Porter Family of witchcraft (esp their daughters). Related: 10 Scary Churches From Around The World That Will Creep You Out. Im going to put a note at the bottom of the article that says when it was last updated to make it easier for anyone doing reports and assignments. The history (both good and bad) is something we should all know about. I find the Salem Witch trails to be the most interesting event in the colonization of whats now US. 1982)]. . As if the lonely and misunderstood didn't have a hard enough life on its own, they seemed the most suspicious to the crowds. In isolated settlements, in dim, smoky, firelit homes, New Englanders lived very much in the dark, where one listens more acutely, feels more passionately, imagines most vividly, where the sacred and the occult thrive. These five executions were not the first in New England for the crime of witchcraft. Another interesting fact about the witch trials is not everyone in Salem actually believed in witchcraft or supported the trials. When James II, unspeakably Catholic, became the titular head of the Church of England (itself considered evil), it was proof that the mother country had come under diabolical control When James II created the Dominion of New England, ordering the New England theocracy to allow the C of E inside, it was the end of their holy mission in the wilderness. The three women were thrown in jail to await trial for practicing witchcraft. My fathers family have lived in this area for centuries. As the cart bumps its way towards a hill on the outskirts, the five contemplate their mortality. The primary sources of the Salem Witch Trials offer a wealth of information on these infamous trials. As years passed, apologies were offered and restitution was made to the victims families. While women were of course on the forefront of persecution, men could also be accused of witchcraft. The Salem Witch Trials. 15 Dark Truths You Didn't Know About The Salem Witch Trials. It has so many details that I need. http://www.easybib.com/cite/view. When the first inquiry is made into the circumstances of such as may lie under the just suspicion of witchcrafts, we could wish that there may be admitted as little as is possible of such noise, company and openness as may too hastily expose them that are examined, and that there may no thing be used as a test for the trial of the suspected, the lawfulness whereof may be doubted among the people of God; but that the directions given by such judicious writers as Perkins and Bernard [be consulted in such a case]. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Has their been any further studies into the ergot theory besides the collage student in the early 70s? A Reply. Over 150 people were arrested for allegedly using witchcraft to inflict harm on their fellow townspeople, resulting in the executions of 20 people and the prison deaths of five more. What is the legacy of the Salem witch trials? Learn all about the origin, history, and significance of the Salem witch trials. A flurry of accusations from girls with afflictions similar to those of Betty Parris and Abigail Williams resulted in an avalanche of arrests and prosecutions. This really helped with my homework on the salem witch trials cause soon we are going to do an essay on this very soon. Fresh witchcraft cases continued to come before the new Superior Court of Judicature that, while again presided over by William Stoughton, was ordered not to accept spectral evidence. Bishop had been accused of witchcraft years before but was cleared of the crime. Thank-you for the great info you have shared. A newer, more anti-religious charter replaced the original one in 1691 and also combined the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony and several other colonies into one. Smithsonia, 8 Sept. 2013. Giles Corey, the husband of Martha Corey, refused to enter a plea and was subjected to a particularly gruesome form of torture where the accused is crushed under heavy stones until they either respond or die a tactic known as peine forte et dure, (until he either answered or died). Although the infamous persecution of witches . This, coupled with the fact that the accused also had their estates confiscated if they were convicted has led many historians to believe that religious feuds and property disputes played a big part in the witch trials. There are many theories that explain why the witch trials began in Medieval Europe. The others were either found guilty but pardoned, found not guilty, were never indicted or simply evaded arrest or escaped from jail. Proctor told them about the torture inflicted on the accused and asked that the trials be moved to Boston where he felt he would get a fair trial. There were complex political, religious, and racial issues under the crisis. The ages of the accused ranged from 12 to 72 years old, with the average age being 41. We cannot but, with all thankfulness, acknowledge the success which the merciful God has given unto the sedulous and assiduous endeavours of our honourable rulers, to detect the abominable witchcrafts which have been committed in the country, humbly praying, that the discovery of those mysterious and mischievous wickednesses may be perfected. The doctors diagnosis? Heavy stones were loaded onto the board and the weight was gradually increased until the prison either entered a plea or died. There are many theories that explain why the witch trials began in Medieval Europe. As a devout and strongly religious community living in near isolation in the mysterious New World, the community of Salem had a heightened sense of fear of the Devil and, as a result, it didnt take much to convince the villagers that there was evil among them. Hi Sara, the last hangings of the Salem Witch Trials took place on September 22 and they include six women: Martha Corey, Mary Easty, Alice Parker, Ann Pudeator, Margaret Scott, Wilmot Redd and Mary Parker. They hanged the poor souls instead. The English laws against witchcraft were repealed in 1736, after which incidents of suspected bewitchment, by now very isolated, were dealt with by mob rule rather than by a clear legal framework. By May 1693 . The persecutors had to come up with a whole irrational legal system in order to justify this insanity. InJanuary of 1692, the daughter and niece of Reverend Samuel Parris of Salem Village became ill.William Griggs, the village doctor, was called in when they failed to improve. Court of Oyer and Terminer Judges:Jonathan CorwinBartholomew GedneyJohn HathorneJohn RichardsWilliam Stoughton, Chief MagistrateSamuel SewallNathaniel SaltonstallPeter SergeantWaitstill Winthrop, The number of people accused and arrested in May surged to over 30 people:Sarah DustinAnn SearsArthur AbbottBethiah Carter SrBethiah Carter JrMary WitheridgeGeorge Jacobs SrMargaret JacobsRebecca JacobsJohn WillardAlice ParkerAnn PudeatorAbigail SoamesSarah BuckelyElizabeth ColsonElizabeth HartThomas Farrar SrRoger ToothakerMary ToothakerMargaret ToothakerSarah ProctorMary DeRichSarah BassettSusannah RootsElizabeth CarySarah PeaseMartha CarrierElizabeth FosdickWilmot ReddElizabeth HoweSarah RiceJohn Alden JrWilliam ProctorJohn Flood. Twenty-four people died during the Salem witch trials, though many more were accused of witchcraft. The first to be tried wasBridget Bishopof Salem who was found guilty and was hanged on June 10. The Salem Village hangings were the last executions of accused witches in the United States. Since some families of the victims did not want their family member listed, not every victim was named. Massachusetts Only Apologized in 1957 Salem Witch Trials have haunted Salem, now known as Danvers and the entire state of Massachusetts for centuries. The courthouse was torn down in 1760 but a plaque dedicated to the courthouse can still be seen today on the wall of the Masonic Temple on Washington Street. Cant wait to visit this place! The devil had won. Im trying to get my family to visit there- Id even give up my beach trip for it! Around the end of September, the use of spectral evidence was finally declared inadmissible, thus marking the beginning of the end of the Salem Witch Trials. The day of prayer and fasting was held on January 15, 1698, and was known as the Day of Official Humiliation. Sources:Upham, Charles W. Salem Witchcraft: With an Account of Salem Village and a History of Opinions on Witchcraft. Titubas confession was the trigger that sparked the mass hysteria and the hunt for more witches in Salem. Wigington, Patti. In Salem for example, the first significant victim of the witch trials was Tituba, a slave from the Caribbean. I find the history interesting and would like to find more information on this matter. 126. Thanks so much! And if you take away my life, God will give you blood to drink.. As a direct result, food became scarce and taxes higher. Mather saw the war against Satan as being just as important as the war against the French and the local Native American tribes. i need it for my bibliography, do you have any websites that could help me to find the secondary source? Here are some of our favorite Salem attractions: Salem Witch Museum Your first stop should be the Salem Witch Museum. Did the Salem Witch Trials have any affect on the way that the American court systems were designed once the United States became a country? One of the best known of the accused has been the focus of some conjecture regarding whether or not she was practicing folk magic, because she was believed to be a "fortune teller." In Germany alone, thousands of women died horrible deaths. In short, Spanos and Gottlieb believe that the ergotism theory is off-base for several reasons. This site is not a part of the Smithsonian website. The story is about Susannah English, daughter of accused witches Phillip and Mary English and friend of Ann Putnam, Jr. This series of prosecutions and hangings of those accused of practicing witchcraft provoked a major backlash, and the event still haunts us today. Note: it is expensive. No way to fight its power. Rebecca, how long did this take you? This court consisted of eight judges. Get FREE access to HistoryExtra.com. Well, most of the people accused lived in the part of Salem Village that was full of businesses and shops. A fear-ridden society always finds scapegoats.

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